Organizational Structure in the Pharmaceuticals Industry

Industry Abstract Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson are the largest and most successful pharmaceutical companies in the world today. Each company has a massive workforce and conducts business in countries all over the globe. Both companies have used a high degree of horizontal differentiation in order to manage their business units more effectively. Operating companies are grouped together by their function, as well as the type of product the produce. There are concerns about the lack of control that results from decentralization.The benefits, however, appear to outweigh the risks, as evidenced by the successes enjoyed by Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson. Organizational Structure in the Pharmaceuticals Industry Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer are both pharmaceutical companies that can be found near the top of the Fortune 500 list. Johnson & Johnson was ranked 33 and Pfizer 50 on this year’s list (Fortune 500, 2010). The complexity of this industry requires a very large wor kforce with many specialized roles. More specialized roles in an organization call for more differentiation within the company.There is a great deal of all three types of differentiation within each company: horizontal differentiation, vertical differentiation, and spatial differentiation. This high level of differentiation results in a very complex organizational structure (Nelson & Quick, 2011). Globalization presents significant challenges to all organizations that operate in many different countries. These challenges are typically created by the cultural differences that may exist among the countries in which a company operates. Hofstede believes work-related attitudes are formed by five dimensions of cultural differences.These dimensions are as follows: individualism vs. collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, and time orientation (Nelson & Quick, 2011). It is important for a company to consider these dimensions when developing i ts organizational structure for the global marketplace. Johnson & Johnson owns more than 250 companies located in 57 countries. Each operating company is placed into one of three business segments: consumer health care, medical devices and diagnostics, and pharmaceuticals (Company Structure, 2010).This classification is based on the types of products the company produces. The grouping of subsidiaries in this manner represents horizontal differentiation. Johnson & Johnson gives each operating company a fair amount of control within their environment. This decentralized structure can create concerns about lack of control, but there are benefits as well. As stated above, many of these companies are located outside of the United States. The decentralized structure yields much of the power to the leadership within each company and country, who are more familiar with the environment in which they are working.Furthermore, decentralization provides a great opportunity to develop emp loyees. The leader of a smaller subsidiary may move to a larger sister company if he or she performs well. Innovation can also thrive in a decentralized environment. When people are developing ideas in independent environments, there is greater creativity. Innovation and creativity are paramount in the pharmaceuticals industry (â€Å"Johnson & Johnson CEO,† 2008). Pfizer, like Johnson & Johnson, utilizes a high degree of horizontal differentiation within its organizational structure.Like many companies, Pfizer has gone through several periods of restructuring over the past few years. The latest round of restructuring occurred after Pfizer acquired Wyeth in 2009. Pfizer’s operations can be split into two distinct categories: research and global health care businesses (â€Å"Pfizer Announces,† 2009). After the acquisition, Pfizer formed two separate research organizations. The PharmaTherapeutics Research Group focuses on small molecule research, while the BioTherapeutics Research Group concentrates on large molecules. Within each group, small teams work on specific projects of high potential.This decentralized structure provides sharper focus and less bureaucracy for those working in this critical field (â€Å"Pfizer Announces,† 2009). Upon acquiring Wyeth, Pfizer reorganized its operating companies into two diverse categories: Pfizer BioPharmaceutical Businesses and Pfizer Diversified Businesses. Pfizer BioPharmaceutical Businesses contains five distinct biopharmaceutical businesses: Primary Care, Specialty Care and Vaccines, Emerging Markets, Oncology, and Established Products. Pfizer Diversified Businesses is made up of four unique businesses: Animal Health, Capsugel, Consumer Health, and Nutritional Health.Each of these nine businesses has clear expectations for results from initial product development to the end of the product’s life cycle (â€Å"Pfizer Announces,† 2009). This type of decentralized environme nt provides employees with a sense of pride and ownership in their products. Each business is also able to react more quickly and respond more directly to consumer needs in this decentralized structure (Besthof, 2009). While there are many benefits to a decentralized structure, there are also drawbacks as well. Management often times does not like to yield power and control to others, which may result in micro-managing.There is also concern whether the values and ethical standards of upper management are being practiced by those making criticial decisions. This may be of particular concern for situations in which it is difficult to monitor the activities of those trusted to make these decisions. When working in a global environment, however, the benefits of a decentralized structure certainly appear to outweigh the risks. Nelson and Quick believe the three biggest challenges facing managers today are globalization, diversity, and ethics (2011).All three of these issues are certainly present in the pharmaceuticals industry, and in particular for large global companies such as Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson. Decentralization can be very beneficial for a company operating in a global environment. Managers working daily in that country should be actively involved in decision making, since they are most familiar with the environment. Operating globally can also bring diversity issues to the forefront. These issues can also be aided by decentralization, which allows situations to be addressed by those closest to them. Ethics is a major challenge in the pharmaceuticals industry.In a decentralized structure, upper management must be able to trust that others are doing things the right way. If they are not, the reputation of the entire organization may be damaged by the poor decisions of one person in a relatively minor role. Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson have many similarities in the structure of their organizations. Both companies utilize a high degree of horizo ntal differentiation, some of which is required by their wide range of operations. Each company, however, has also made a commitment to allowing these business units to operate with a high degree of autonomy.ReferencesBesthof, Robert. (2009). Pfizer Makes Push in Ophthalmic Market With Restructuring, R&D Strategy. Ocular Surgery News. Retrieved October 13, 2010, from: http://www. osnsupersite. com/view. aspx? rid=42818 Business Wire. (2009, April 7).Pfizer Announces Operating Structure and Select Senior Leadership Posts to Be Effective Immediately Upon Close of Wyeth Acquisition. Retrieved October 13, 2010, from: http://www. businesswire. com/news/home/20090407005717/en/Pfizer-Announces-Operating-Structure-Select-Senior-Leadership Fortune 500. (2010).Retrieved October 7, 2010, from: http://money. nn. com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/industries/21/index. html Johnson & Johnson. (October 2010).Company Structure. Retrieved October 11, 2010, from: http://www. jnj. com/conne ct/about-jnj/company-structure [email  protected] (2008, June 25).Johnson & Johnson CEO William Weldon: Leadershipin a Decentralized Company. Retrieved October 11, 2010, from: http://knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=2003 Nelson, D. L. , & Quick, J. C. (2011).Oranizational behavior: Science, the real world, and you. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Ebusiness Wgu

To: Hiring Manager Thank you for taking the time to read this letter and for considering me for employment at your organization. As a college graduate with international work experience, I have demonstrated an ability to effectively communicate with diverse types of people and quickly adapt to new work environments. My degree in Economics from the University of South Florida provided me with the ability to develop critical thinking and problem solving skills that are essential to an effective educator, leader, and role model. Also I played and coached on many sports teams, mostly American football in the USA.My experience of working abroad, education, and experience teaching ESL at Korean public schools has provided me with many tools that would be applicable for this position. Being a new teacher in South Korea, I had no working knowledge on how to lead an effective classroom. Not only was there the stress of being a new teacher, but also the anxiety of living in a completely differ ent culture. Through ambition and hard work, I self learned how to create an optimal learning environment that fostered motivation and inquisitiveness from students.Comparably, I learned how to live and thrive in a new country by learning the language and customs. The skills I obtained from this job, such as, leadership, organizational skills, effective communication skills, modern ESL pedagogy, advance computer proficiencies, and the ability to adapt, will help me thrive as an educator at your school. In addition, I have many years experience working in a customer oriented environment, which included sales and shift management positions. At 717 parking I was involved directly with many customers on a daily basis.At this job, I established effective communication with all customers and was liable for the security and protection of vehicles that were sometimes valued at over $100,000. I demonstrated leadership and management skills by employing teamwork and accountability standards. This experience, in concurrence with teaching, I hope proves that I have the potential to be a successful teacher and role model. This winter I was a ski instructor in Aspen, Colorado. I taught students aged 4-60 years old.This experience offered many opportunities to execute effective teaching methodologies while educating kids and adults that have never skied before. Communication skills and patience helped me provide the best training to my students. I am confident that I can successfully execute the responsibilities of this position. I want to continue my progression of success and would look forward to speaking with you about how my qualifications may fulfill the requirements of your staffing needs. Thank you in advance for your consideration. Sincerely, Mr. James Watson *

Science vs arts Essay

I consider that Science and Arts are strongly bonded as, though they are two totally opposite areas of knowing, they manage to create a balance that holds tightly the emotions and the reasoning of human mankind. Art is the expression of human creativity, of human skill and imagination. It is usually represented through paintings, music, sculpture etc. Art is created to be appreciated or criticized. The Art creates beauty, and it gives the audience the opportunity to choose whether the beauty is indeed gorgeous or hideous. I think that the beauty of a work of art is not measurable. For me, beauty represents the ability to convey strong emotions and powerful feelings through the actual displayed work of art. For me, an inspirational painting like an old American Apache that rides his horse into the sunset is much more beautiful than a portrait of a beautiful girl. But tastes cannot be discussed, as there is no standard of taste among human beings. This is why art is so controversial. Science is the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiments. Science is the area of knowing that explains every phenomenon so people would understand it. It needs precision and accuracy in data collecting as Science is all about exact measurements. Science helps the world develop thoroughly as it is the only way we can know the truth. A thorough evolution is an evolution that comes as closely as possible to reality. On one hand, I think one completes each other as Art is the perfection of emotion and Science is the art of numbers. Taking into consideration the fact that the world has evolved through science, it can be said that Art has changed because of Science. But art itself is a science that needs exact measurements and accurate calculus. Work is recognized as a work of art through reasoning the feelings and the emotions one gets while observing the piece of art. Observing, as said in the definition of Science, is an action done in order to get the closest answer to reality. Reality is given by  Science, which means that, basically, Art is Science. On the other hand, it can be said that Science is an Art too, as the biggest discoveries were made by passionate scientist that wanted to prove the world that the things known so far were wrong. This means that they were put into a situation in which they, through imagination, reasoning and emotion, realized they were given false or erroneous information. Probably, their frustration and their ambition showed the world that through creative thinking and imaginative reasoning things that are unknown to mankind could be explained. It is extremely difficult to have a concept of knowledge upon a thing that does not exist. This inquires imagination and creativity, two vital features that create art. In conclusion, Science and Arts share mutual importance to humankind, tough they study totally different subjects. Their huge discrepancy is the one that makes them complement each other, thus, forming a couple without which the world could not exist.

How the banking industry has been affected by online banking Dissertation

How the banking industry has been affected by online banking - Dissertation Example Telecommunication systems and technologies help the bank to reach customers and provide them with not only general information but also the opportunity to perform interactive services of offline banking transactions like payment, receipts and transfer of funds (Aladwani, 2001). However Sullivan (2002) is critical of the technology and advises the banks that adopt internet banking to develop different methods of conducting business and speculates that internet will destroy old models and concepts of banking and will have profound influence on the banking industry. Online banking though offers variety of services resulting in better customer satisfaction giving personal experience (Karjaluoto, et al, 2002), it is often accompanied by risk factors which is why there is a need to carry out a research to study how the online banking has affected the banking industry. Background Traditionally banks used the internet to provide general information about the banks, services offered and other information to the customers. The incredible growth of internet has changed the way banking was processed with the entry of virtual banks like Compubank and Net.B@nk, providing customers with financial services over the internet and low cost or no fees as these banks do not have branches thus reducing the operating and fixed costs by replacing employees with technology (Jun and Cai, 2001). In order to sustain their competitiveness in the market, the traditional banks went online in order to provide better customer service, allow the customer access the services from the internet, make payment, receive and transfer funds online without standing in queue. According to a June 2006 study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project, 43 percent of internet users or about 63 percent of American adults bank online (Patton, 2006). Online banking allows 24/7 customer service, borderless transactions, speedy service, effective banking transaction assisted with more sophisticated tools and s ervices providing optimum security (Magoon and Vasisth, 2006). According to Plunkett (2008) companies that offer ATMs, physical branches and online services find the combination to be very effective as it costs a great deal less to service a customer who primarily relies on online services to manage accounts and ATMs to withdraw cash. Consumers who use online services seem to be educated, have large bank balances, better credit ratings and create higher levels of profits than customers who opt for traditional banking, the view which is also agreed and found by Sullivan (2000) that bank can generate a large number of Internet transaction if it has sizeable customer base. However, Plunkett (2008) states that maintaining accounts security are the major challenge to online banking as they have often been subject to attacks by hackers, scam artists and virus writers. It is further stated that success in online banking seems to be dependent on physical locations as consumers still wanted a branch to solve their queries. In a study carried out by Rose (cited in Jun and Cai, 2001), it was found that most of the banks, evaluated for service quality, showed an unsatisfactory level of service and argued that online banking has become complicated which may cause many problem than it can solve. Various studies

Lowe's Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lowe's - Term Paper Example Many of the firms involved in the construction industry underwent through tremendous changes and growth during this period. 3 Major Competitors 3 NACIS Numbers 3 Relative Sales 4 Relative Returns 5 Product Life Cycle 5 Stock Performance 5 Works cited 6 Introduction The main aim of this paper is to analyze Lowe’s performance in terms of products offered, financial performance against major competitors and the industry in general and assets base. Lowe’s, being the second largest home improvement company in the united states, has a number of advantages and disadvantages against the market leader, Home Depot. While drawing the forecast for the company’s performance, this report will make an assumption that industry trends and performance will remain as they were for the past 3 years. Theme The management of Lowe’s company strategically placed the company’s product line to focus on home improvement tools and equipment through a restructuring process that took place in the mid-1940s. Providing a range of home improvement products including name branded products and national branded equipment, Lowe’s home improvement company is the second leading home improvement company in the United States from Home Depot Company. ... Although the company faced reduced revenues during the 2008 economic downturn, it hopes to recover from the losses made as the construction business gets back on its feet. To keep up with its increased growth and achieve its target of being the market leader, the company needs to restructure its operations, to include a number of products. History of the Firm Lowe’s is the second largest home improvement company in the United States and Canada from home depot company. Currently, Lowe’s holds about 6 per cent of the total home improvement market, translating to about $140 million ("Lowe's Ranks High"Â  12). The company has had a long history of success, to reach its current 400 stores spread across 24 states in the United States. Initially, Lowes’ concentrated on medium sized markets, with its stores measuring no more than 75,000 square foot. Currently however, the firm builds stores of approximately 100,000 square-foot in medium sized markets and 114,000 square- foot stores in large markets. The first Lowe’s hardware store opened in 1921 in North Wilkesboro, North California. After the death of the founding father, Lucius S. Lowe in 1940, his daughter Ruth, took over the business, but opted to sell it to her brother in the same year. In 1943, Jim took Carl Buchan as his partner. With Carl Buchan as the manager, the store ventured into hardware and building materials. Before this specialization, the company incorporated a range of products such as notions, dry goods, horse tack, snuff, produce, and groceries. In 1949, the company bought a second store in Sparta, North California. The company became an incorporated business in 1952 as the Lowe's North Wilkesboro Hardware, Inc. between 1952 and 1959 with Buchan’s

Discuss the changes in family size in london using information from Essay

Discuss the changes in family size in london using information from the 2001 and 2011 census - Essay Example However, London population is influenced by migration. More so, underestimation of average household size also affects the actual population size of London particularly in 2001 census report. Underestimation makes it impossible to estimate London’s population accurately. According to 2011 census report, there was an increase in average household size resulting from high birth rates and due to ageing population especially among ethnic minority groups. However, it is hard to predict future average household due to economic trends and the housing problems. This essay discusses the possible changes in family size in London based on the information from the 2001 and 2011 census reports. By March 2011, the census day, the population of London was about 8.2 million with an increase of 12 percent from 2001 when London’s population was approximately 7.17 million. Accordingly, the 2011 resident population of England and Wales was 56.08 million as opposed to 52.04 million as indicated in 2001 census report. This shows a rise in population by 8 per cent since 2001. London has experienced the largest population increase as compared to the other regions with the population increasing by 14 percent between 2001 and 2011 (CIS, 2012). The Office published the 2011 census report for National Statistics and it was noted that London was the greatest growing region across England and Wales. According to the 2011 census report, there was faster population increase specifically in Inner London as compared to that of Outer London. The report revealed that the population of Inner London rose by 17 percent as opposed to 12 percent increase in Outer London. Based on this statisti cs, most local authorities in London noted increase in their population between 2001 and 2011. Notably, most of the local authorities that had high population growth rate were from London. The leading local authority percentage rise was in London with tower hamlets grew by

Syllabus Design in the Arena of English Language Learning in South Kor Essay - 2

Syllabus Design in the Arena of English Language Learning in South Korea - Essay Example This strategy would dictate that students would be taught other subjects, such as science and social studies, in English. The idea would require students to be language students of whatever content is being taught. Because I have taught ESL in Korea for 7 years, have taken a course in TESOL, and my experience in my current syllabus writing course, I could have predicted the negative reaction to the program. The content-based syllabus was met with widespread criticism and the program was quickly terminated. This outcome was predictable based on the problematic application of a content-based syllabus at the middle and high school level. Syllabus design has exposed me to the requirements of readiness in second language teaching. As a rookie teacher, the conventional wisdom taught that a good second language teacher would rely on a structural and notional-functional syllabus. A structural syllabus is a collection of forms and structures, while the notional is a collection of the functions that are performed when the language is used. In light of my recent educational experience, I no longer rely on those outdated models nor do I apply them. My daily schedule involves teaching conversational English to classes of students with varying backgrounds. The students may range from middle school level to the business professional. The classes may be all of one level or mixed, which demands a different approach to the question of the syllabus for each class. I approach my classes, and the issue of the syllabus, from the principle of theory meets reality. Beyond simply teaching the class, a key component of the syllabus is to maintain the motivation of the students. For the most basic learners, my approach is to use a mixture of a structural/notional syllabus. For the false beginners, a skill-based/ task-based syllabus is used. For my  intermediate and higher level learners a content-based syllabus is used.

Preparation for Graduate Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Preparation for Graduate Employment - Essay Example I would like to work for a magnificent company such as yours in a responsible position, in which I will contribute through my professional, personal and inter-personal skills. My long term career goal is to move on to higher positions with greater responsibilities within investment banking possibly after having studied for an MBA in between. However, I prefer to remain with the same company as part of my career aspirations. Although transitioning from education to a professional environment can be quite challenging, I have gained significant experience in my various stints at several companies, which has provided me the necessary insight into the corporate world. having been performing successfully in every such challenging environment, I am confident of being able to bring in the same level of commitment and energy into my work in my future employment. I have travelled extensively and have interacted with people from over 50 nationalities. As such, I love to bond with diverse people and share ideas and thoughts with them. I believe that any profession that incorporated my educational skills and professional experience to the highest level would be my ideal job. Combining my knowledge in Finance with my experience in handling customer oriented responsibilities along with computer and administrative capabilities have helped me, my co workers and my company in attaining their objectives. It is also one of the predominant reasons for me to consider myself as a valuable addition to the team at Goldman

Project 3 plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project 3 plan - Essay Example Furthermore, information pertaining to the hazards brought about by highly hazardous chemicals in the process is also to be explored. This information includes permissible exposure limits, the reactivity and corrosiveness of the chemicals, toxicity, and data on thermal and chemical stability. Process flow diagrams and charts such as those revealed by ReVelle (2003) are also essential in conceptualizing process safety management. Process safety information in PSM should cover the information pertaining to its technology and equipment. This is to involve construction materials diagrams on how the implementation of piping and other instruments are to be laid, electrical classification and design basis alongside other vital information. In this project we will also cover the process hazard analysis procedures used in PSM as discussed in the DOE Handbook (2004). The process is to involve identification, evaluation, and control of the hazards involves in it. This project is important as it will also reveal some of the ways in which previous incidents which had the potential of causing catastrophic consequences can be prevented in workplaces. This is achievable through identification of engineering and administrative controls applicable to the hazards. In this context, it is necessary to identify and describe major training requirements, major safety systems and their functions, and major steps of operating procedures. Most of these involve employees as they are the ones likely to fall victims. Should this project be done, ways through which catastrophes can be minimized or prevented shall be revealed. Besides that, safety and health considerations against highly hazardous chemicals shall also be

Exploration of policy contexts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Exploration of policy contexts - Essay Example The purpose of education should continue to support democratic practice. Museums need to consider not only the content of their exhibitions and programs; they also need to consider what kind of organization they are in. The major theoretical perspectives used here are Ulrich Beck’s and Antony Giddens’s theories of ‘risk society’. The author looks for strategies and reflections that might reflect the current situation, globalization, and sustainability in all the readings. Interviewing museum educators, reviewing existing policies and findings, and reading articles on education the author discerns a common policy or suspect that matches the keywords that were present at the National Assemble in Reykjavà ­k 2009, which is after the economic collapse. These words and phrases should be taken in value as a common reason for learning activity in schools and museums. The task is enormous. Teachers need all assistance possible, in curriculum, policies and praxis. Using three dimensional environment and objects, other kind of structure and settings than is common in the classroom seems to make many students relaxed and freer for learning. What support can be found in the curriculum, museum education policies and museum missions in Iceland? The author started an examination of the policy context in governmental run museums in Iceland and in the new curriculum for compulsory and elementary schools in Iceland. Museums have served as places for informal learning in from the very beginning. In a changing society we might ask where we are going rather where we come from or from the origin to the destination. Where are we going, where am I going? Rather than focus on where we come from, the origin as before. This is also relevant if we look at all the possibilities and alternatives we have today in modern society. All this raises certain questions for educators. Has the process of globalization eroded the autonomy of national education

Business Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Business Plan - Assignment Example We are a socially responsible organization with policies relating to health & safety, training and the environment thereby providing assurance to our customers that they are working with a professional company, fluent in handling the industry's changing requirements while maintaining the traditions of customer satisfaction and quality by offering high end services. WYR Ltd willfully understands the challenges facing the house builders in the current market. This company is going to develop an enviable host of policies and procedures to manage customer requirements, backed up by vision and a financially astute management team. WYRL will be the part of The Intelligent Membrane Trade Association (IMA) which is a top UK based organisation which lists expert contractors as its members. The listing criteria of IMA are tough and only those contractors are listed which have successfully demonstrated highest quality standards. BehBehind the IMA is the strength of Icopal which is the largest manufacturer of roofing and building membranes in the world. Icopal has been manufacturing plants in the UK, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Belgium, France and the USA. Products are distributed by 7 offices across Europe, North America, the Middle East and Asia. Icopal is the largest construction membrane company in the UK and Eire offering the widest possible choice of specification products that include: Built up Flat Roofing, Pitched Roofing, Acoustic Flooring Systems, Structural Waterproofing, and Geomembranes. WYRL aspires to be registered with Icopal in order to achieve industry wide quality standards. WYR Ltd. will be constant in its commitment to delivering high quality expertise and customer service to achieve the Programme requirements. This company can also mobilise its skilled workforce to service the needs of any project in any Wales and UK location. Product & Service Waterproof Your Roof Limited (WYRL) is a service oriented organization offering services to wide range of costumers belonging to both to our Industrial customers as well as general public. The basic services will include water-proof roofing, water-leakage roofing as well as installation of leak proof roofing. All the services may be availed as a complete package or can also be availed as standalone services. In order to further establish ourselves in the business, we shall be striving to develop our unique selling proposition of delivering high quality services at low costs. For this purpose, we will not charge our margins on the products purchased from third parties rather, our aim will be to offer high quality services backed up by inexpensive but highly effective material which can ensure high quality but durable roofline services. All such services will be delivered through highly trained experts who will be delivering all such services within allotted time period mutually agreed between our customers and us. WYRL shall also be cross selling

Business in India Essay Example for Free

Business in India Essay In order to do business in India, it is necessary ensure that the business is set under the required procedures and regulations of industrial undertaking.   The goods to be manufactured should fall within licensed, relicensed or small scale sector.   A license allows a company to use the property of the licensor.   The properties could either be intangible items like trademarks, patent rights and production techniques. To get the license, one is required to fill an application with the Ministry of Industry. Starting a company in India for the aforesaid involves assessing the commercial opportunity for self, managing business, obtaining legal requirements, money, business premises, obtaining workers and developing the marketing schemes for the products to be produced and the services to be offered. In this case Roger Smith at Prime Pumps has suggested that Maddock Inc and Governor Inc enter the Indian market as a joint venture.   It will be a great idea to take since a joint venture business has the advantage of sharing risks, sharing of technology to increase and improve production and it is possible to conform to government’s regulations.   Also, in a joint venture business internationally, there are quick political connections and distribution channels. Having done business together, it means that the two business associates will experience the converging of their strategic goals while diverging their competitive goal.   In this they will only operate to improve their business by influencing market power and learning from one another while restraining admittance to their personal proprietary skills. Advantages of early entry into a foreign market The company enjoys monopoly since there could be no other companies producing the same products. This increases the profits and hence the company can expand its operations in a very short time limit. A company enjoys reduced labor cost as there are no other firms to compete with in determining wage packages.   The workers will not have options to choose which companies to work for in regard to the pay accorded. Ability to secure a wide market in the absence of other competing companies hence increased sales will be experienced. Disadvantages of early entry into a foreign market Lack of competition could lead to poor production quality of goods or services that a company is dealing with. Poor quality goods could pose a health hazard situation to the consumer and this could also lead to a crisis in the economy A company might not have the power to confront the government when its operating alone in a foreign market pertaining the rights of foreign companies and this could cause oppression on the side of the company for lack of bargaining power. Peter should be careful to consider what the targets are for the business to be set up in India, where to locate the business and the manner in which it should be established.   He should outline how ready is the business to give back to the community in terms of employing the local citizens in India, producing quality services and products.   They should also investigate and learn the interests and requirements of the people of India and provide possible solutions to the same. Peter will have to estimate the potential correctly to avoid underestimation of India’s complexity or overestimation of the probabilities in India. Overestimation or Underestimation may lead to failure and it is necessary to give a due consideration to the factor of the inherent difficulties and uncertainties of operating in the Indian system.   It is worth noting that India is has a large economy in the world and it offers high prospects for development in practically all areas of business. Also the inefficient bureaucracy of the Indian government is moving slowly which calls for reforms. Since Melanie has limited knowledge regarding international law, it will not be appropriate for Peter to share with her what other companions have suggested because she might not even understand.   Lack of knowledge on international law means that Melanie will not have an idea of how to deal with any occurrence in the international field. Conclusion For a business to thrive in a foreign country, the owners should ensure that they comply with federal regulations so that there will be a smooth running of the business without disturbance from the local authorities.   For the joint venture business, the partners should sign up the partnership deed to ensure they conduct themselves as per the requirements. It is important that individual also have a general knowledge of international law and business operations to avoid any inconveniences.

Alternative Materials For Aircraft Wings

Alternative Materials For Aircraft Wings For this report I have chosen to research and find an alternative material for aircraft wings, currently the material being on aircraft wings is aluminium alloy series 2000, specifically 2024 as this alloy consists of about 4.5% copper, 1.5% magnesium, 0.6% manganese with traces of other specific elements permitted, and the remainder aluminium.  [1]  The alternative material must be capable of achieving all the characteristics of aluminium alloy 2024, yet be light in weight and preferably within the cost region of materials currently used. Aims and objectives The aim of this report is discuss how alternative materials can be produced to manufacture a new lighter aircraft wing. In order to do this the new material must be capable of withstanding high stress loads, be light in weight and preferably low in cost. Also, manufacturing technique must be looked into with respect to machinability of material, cost of machines, and repairing material. Current materials in use Aluminium alloy 2024 This is used in the aviation industry as it has the right properties required to meet the demands. The principle alloying element used is copper. This alloy requires solution heat treatment to obtain its best properties when the alloy has been through the solution heat treatment process the mechanical properties become similar to and sometimes exceed those of mild steel. To further increase the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy 2024, an artificial ageing process is used; this method of treatment increases the yield strength. Once the aluminium alloy has been made, the properties obtained are high strength to weight ratio, as well as good fatigue resistance. Though this is not wieldable and has average machinability. Due to poor corrosion resistance the alloy is usually cladded with pure aluminium, however, this does usually reduce the fatigue resistance of the alloy. Aluminium alloy 2024 consists of about 4.5% copper, 1.5% magnesium, 0.6% manganese with traces of other specific elements permitted and the remainder is aluminium. Mechanical properties of aluminium 2024 The mechanical properties of 2024 depend on the temper of the material. 2024-0 This form of alloy has no heat treatment (annealed). It has an ultimate tensile strength of 207-220 MPa more yield strength of 96 MPa. This form of alloy also has an elongation factor of 10-25%. 2024-T3 This form of alloy has been solution treated and strain hardened with the ultimate tensile strength is between 400-427 MPa and yield strength of 369-276 MPa with an elongation of 10-15%. New materials to consider Titanium This metal has a high strength to weight ratio, a relative density of 4.5 which is 60% heavier than aluminium however, it is twice as strong. Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance properties this is due to the oxide film which forms. Titanium is not normally susceptible to stress, fatigue, intergranular or galvanic corrosion, putting or localised attack. However, under certain circumstances it will burn in air, therefore in order to prevent a reaction with oxygen or nitrogen it may be treated with chloride gas in order to form a protective coating of titanium dioxide. Titanium normal alloying elements include aluminium, chromium, iron, manganese, molybdenum and vanadium. Titanium and its alloys are classed in 3 categories: Alpha (A) Wieldable, tough, strong both hot and cold and resistant to oxidisation. Beta (B) Excellent bend ductility, strong both hot and cold however vulnerable to contamination. Combined (C) Combination of alpha and beta with comprised performance, strong cold and warm but weak when hot, excellent forgability, good bendibility moderate contamination resistance. The melting point of titanium is 1668 degrees Celsius and has low thermal conductibility and a low co efficient of expansion. Its high temperature properties are however disappointing.; the ultimate yield strength falls rapidly above 425 degrees Celsius and atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen absorbent above 540 degrees Celsius makes the metal brittle and worthless after a long term exposure. Therefore it is only useful for short durations, high temperatures applications where strength is not important such as air conditioned firewalls. When working with titanium extra care must be taken when making due to its extreme work hardening properties. E.g. centre drilling should be used prior to drilling as centre punch this material would harden the metal, causing difficulty when drilling. Composite A composite material consists of 2 or more different materials whose mechanical properties compliment each other although maintain their separate identities, unlike alloy. The reason the composite materials are used on an aircraft and their strength to weight ration and corrosion resistance. Reinforced plastics are much lighter than metals. If the metal part can be as much as 25 times heavier than an equivalent composite part, however that composite part must be as strong and durable as the original. Therefore reinforced plastics must have very good strength, stiffness and impact resistance. Strength- this is the ability of a material to support a load without breaking. Stiffness- this is the ability of material to support a load without bending too much. Impact- this is the ability of a material to withstand resistance impact without shattering. The types of composites to consider for this project would be, Glass reinforced plastic Aramid fibres Carbon fibres Glass Reinforced Fibres (GRFs) Glass Reinforced Fibres are currently used on aircraft for radomes (the fairings which cover radar antennas and must be transparent to radio waves). The fibreglass is used for reinforcement for thermosetting resins in aircraft applications is available as a cloth in many different weights and weaves as a loose of fibreglass. When combined, the fibre and resin GRF. For applications which require the most strength it is necessary to use uni-directional glass tape. Whereas woven glass cloth has better shaping properties and high strength. There are many types of Glass Reinforced Fibres used, and the main ones used in the aviations industry are: A Glass- standard soda glass has a high alkaline content which absorbs moisture which increases degrading of material and corrosion. This leaks to resins deterioration. The main use for this is for windows. C Glass- high resistance to corrosive material. It is normally produced and used only as a surface matt to reduce cost. D Glass- with a low di-electric constant this type of glass is used for radomes. E Glass- with low alkali content and good resin adhesion properties where used in air conditioning. Styles of woven fabric The most common style used is the plain weave where; the warp and wraft threads cross alternately. The strength of woven fabrics in comprised due to the severe pre- buckling already present in the fabric. Fibres usually produce their greatest strength when they are perfectly straight. Due to the high frequency of over and under weaving of the threads the strength is reduced; in plain weave. This is where twill weave and satin weave come in as it is high pliable and stronger than the plain weave style. This table shows a comparison of the properties of common weaves used in aerospace: Stability ability of the weave to hold together when cut. Drape ability of the cloth to follow a complex shape. Porosity an indication of the amount of resin required to thoroughly wet the cloth. Smoothness surface finish of the cloth. Balance a comparison between the warp and weft direction. Symmetry the weave pattern. Crimp an indication of the amount or frequency of bend in the yarns.  [5]   Aramid fabrics Aramid fibres also known as Kevlar is made from aromatic polyamide, a type plastic similar to nylon. The properties include; High tensile strength and resistance to impact of any composite reinforcing fibre. Stiffer than glass but only half as stiff as carbon fibre. 40% lighter than glass fibre 10x stronger than aluminium Up to 400% stronger than comparable glass reinforced laminates. Up to 20% stronger than comparable carbon enforced laminates Aramid fibres have very high impact strength with the damage confined to small areas. Due to this, Aramid can be used in areas prone to stone and runaway debris damage, so this could be useful for use on aircraft wings. However, Aramid fibres have lower compression strength than carbon, it absorbs moisture more readily than glass or carbon, also Aramid deteriorates in strong sunlight. Aramid is more difficult to cut, drill, sand then either glass or carbon, it also does not give clean edges. Aramid fibres do not resist flame well and burn through more quickly than other fibres. Resin adhesion is also lower, delamination being one of the ways in which it absorbs impact energy. Carbon fibres Carbon fibres are made from carbon and are black in colour carbon fibres were first used on air conditioning in the 1980s. The fibres are manufactures by the controlled heating of POLYCRILONITRILE (PAN), polythene or rayon fibres are pre-oxidised at 200-300 degrees Celsius for 1 hour then carbonised at 1200 degrees the graphitised at 2000 to 3000 degrees Celsius. This removes the hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen leaving long oriented carbon chains. The fibres are sometimes surface oxidised, this improves their building characteristics and sized, this then reduces the build up of static electricity and improves bonding. Carbon fibres are available in forms basic groups and produced at different graphitisation temperature and defined by tensile modules Standard modules (high strength) Intermediate modules (high stiffness) High modulus Ultra high modulus. All forms of carbon fibre are stiffer than glass fibres, however only standard modulus is stronger than glass fibres in tension. The higher modulus fibres are very brittle and are not suitable for general aeronautical use. Aluminium- lithium This is part of series 8000 of aluminium alloys. Having low density, the lithium reduces the weight of alloy while offering strength which is comparable to series 7000 (also a higher strength aluminium alloy made from zinc) and competes with composite materials. Aluminium lithium also has high specific modulus and excellent fatigue and cryogenic toughness properties. The disadvantages of aluminium lithium is reduces ductility and fracture toughness in short transverse direction also the need to cold work this alloy to obtain peak properties and accelerate fatigue crack extension rates when cracks are micro structural small. By using aluminium lithium in aircraft wings will enable low costs flying as it saves weight and fuel consumption costs, also this would lead to a reduction in maintenance costs. Fatigue affects materials after long term exposure to cyclic loading using aluminium lithium is stronger than carbon fibre therefore aluminium lithium can withstand fatigue longer. Aluminium lithium is currently being used on the Airbus A380, and under investigation with Boeing. Analysis Current material The current material used for aircraft wings is aluminium. This material is currently used to construct aircraft wings. This is because this material is light in weight, easy to machine, easy to shape also this form of aluminium is easy to machine in order to meet required standards such as high yield strength in ratio with the weight, and also aluminium 2024 also has very good fatigue resistance. However, this form of aluminium alloy has poor corrosion resistance therefore in order to protect against this the alloy is cladded with pure aluminium, this however has a downside to it as it further reduces the fatigue resistance of the alloy. The advantages of aluminium are: Light weight Easily shaped/cast/forge Good electrical conductor Good thermal conductor Easy to machine The disadvantages of aluminium are: Expensive to refine (must be done by electrolysis of fused salts) Poor chemical resistance (acids and base) Loses strengths when heated Cladded with 6.25mm of pure aluminium, if that is broken, the material begins to corrode fast. Alternative materials The alternative materials that can be used are: Titanium This metal has a high strength to weight ratio, a relative density of 4.5 which is 60% heavier than aluminium however it is twice as strong. Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance properties this is due to the oxide film which forms. Titanium is not normally susceptible to stress, fatigue, intergranular or galvanic corrosion, putting or localised attack. However, under certain circumstances it will burn in air, therefore in order to prevent a reaction with oxygen or nitrogen it may be treated with chloride gas in order to form a protective coating of titanium dioxide. Titanium and its alloys are classed in 3 categories: Alpha (A) Wieldable, tough, strong both hot and cold and resistant to oxidisation. Beta (B) Excellent bend ductility, strong both hot and cold however vulnerable to contamination. Combined (C) Combination of alpha and beta with comprised performance, strong cold and warm but weak when hot, excellent forgability, good bendibility moderate contamination resistance. The melting point of titanium is 1668 degrees Celsius and has low thermal conductibility and a low co efficient of expansion. Its high temperature properties are however disappointing.; the ultimate yield strength falls rapidly above 425 degrees Celsius and atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen absorbent above 540 degrees Celsius makes the metal brittle and worthless after a long term exposure. The ideal type of titanium to use on an aircraft wing would be the combined (C) class as it does meet to requirements for an aircraft wings. However, the major drawback for this material is when working with titanium extra care must be taken when making due to its extreme work hardening properties. The advantages of titanium are: Lightweight Strong Able to withstand high temperatures Corrosion resistant The disadvantages of titanium are: Expensive Process for forming and joining titanium are complex and expensive Glass Reinforced Fibres The fibreglass is used for reinforcement for thermosetting resins in aircraft applications is available as a cloth in many different weights and weaves as a loose of fibreglass. When combined, the fibre and resin Glass Reinforced Fibre. For applications which require the most strength it is necessary to se uni-directional glass tape. Whereas woven glass cloth has better shaping properties and high strength. There are many types of Glass Reinforced Fibres used, and the main ones used in the aviations industry are: A Glass- standard soda glass has a high alkaline content which absorbs moisture which increases degrading of the material and corrosion. This leaks to resins deterioration. The main use for this is for windows. C Glass- high resistance to corrosive materials. It is normally produced and used only as a surface matt to reduce cost. D Glass- with a low di-electric constant this type of glass is used for radomes. E Glass- with low alkali content and good resin adhesion properties. Styles of woven fabric The most common style used is the plain weave where; the warp and wraft threads cross alternately. The strength of woven fabrics in comprised due to the severe pre- buckling already present in the fabric. Fibres usually produce their greatest and strength when they are perfectly straight. Due to the high frequency of over and under weaving of the threads the strength in reduced in plain weave. This is where twill weave and satin weave come in as it is high pliable and stronger than the plain weave style. The advantages of GRF are: Strength and resistance can be adjusted during the manufacturing Impact resistance Lightweight Heat resistant Will not corrode Able to withstand all but the strongest forms of acid and alkali The disadvantages of GRF are Easy to damage Expensive machines required to produce Requires special storage Although glass reinforced fibres are very good with respect to the advantages and disadvantages, it may not be the ideal choice to use as a material for an aircraft wing as it would be expensive to produce and store, and also there are many types of glass reinforced fibres but not a particular type could be chosen because there is not a material which is specifically ideal and has all the characteristics required for an aircraft wing. Aramid Aramid fibres have very high impact strength with the damage confined to small areas. Due to this, Aramid can be used in areas prone to stone and runaway debris damage, so this could be useful for use on aircraft wings. However, Aramid fibres have lower compression strength than carbon, it absorbs moisture more readily than glass or carbon, also Aramid deteriorates in strong sunlight. Aramid is more difficult to cut, drill or sand then either glass or carbon; it also does not give clean edges. The advantages of Aramid are: High tensile strength Impact resistant Ten times as strong as aluminium 400% stronger than GRF 20% stronger than carbon fibre The disadvantages of Aramid are: Low compressive strength then carbon Absorbs moisture more than glass or carbon fibre Deteriorates in sunlight Difficult To Cut, Drill or Sand Does not give clean cut edges Aramid is a very good material to use, however it is important that when making aircraft skin the wings must be smooth and easy to machine, due to Aramid not being able to provide these key features, it should be used for this part of the skin, however, Aramid should be considered for the leading edge of the aircraft wings, because it has the characteristics required to withstand stone and runaway debris damage. Aluminium- Lithium Having low density, the lithium reduces the weight of alloy while offering strength which is comparable to series 7000 (also a higher strength aluminium alloy made from zinc) and competes with composite materials. Aluminium lithium also has high specific modulus and excellent fatigue and cryogenic toughness properties. The disadvantages of aluminium lithium is reduces ductility and fracture toughness in short transverse direction also the need to cold work this s alloy to obtain peak properties and accelerate fatigue crack extension rates when cracks are micro structural small. Fatigue affects materials after long term exposure to cyclic loading using aluminium lithium is stronger than carbon fibre therefore aluminium lithium can withstand fatigue longer. The advantages of aluminium-lithium are: 10% denser than aluminium 2024 Lightweight 10 15% higher modulus than aluminium 2024 Excellent fatigue and cryogenic toughness properties Higher stiffness Superior fatigue crack growth resistance The disadvantages of aluminium-lithium are: Reduced ductility Low fracture toughness Aluminium- lithium is a new concept within the aviation industry which allows the industry to progress in a new direction, this allows an aircraft to be light, efficient yet have the same amount of or more power to transport both passengers and freight. Also, with aircraft being so light it may allow even bigger aircrafts then the currently produced Airbus A380, and Boeing 787 to be produced. Aluminium- lithium the characteristics required for use on aircraft wings and therefore should be considered for this project. Conclusion In conclusion aluminium- lithium should be used as it has the properties such as light weight and excellent fatigue and cryogenic toughness properties required for an aircraft wing and carry the weight loaded on to the plane hence enabling aircrafts to be designed on a bigger scale in order to carry more cargo and passengers as is proven by the production of the Airbus A380 which is one the largest planes in production giving a higher power to weight ratio. The A380s wing is sized for a maximum take-off weight (MTOW) over 560 tonnes in order to accommodate these future versions, albeit with some strengthening required. The stronger wing (and structure) will be used on the A380-800F freighter. This common design approach sacrifices some fuel efficiency on the A380-800 passenger model, but Airbus estimates that the size of the aircraft, coupled with the advances in technology will provide lower operating costs per passenger than the 747-400 and older 747 variants.  [6]   Reference Books Used; British Airways Engineering Training Part 66 Module 6- Materials and Hardware. Published: 14/02/2005. Issue: 1. Introduction to aircraft design. John P. Fielding. ISBN: 0521657229 Aircraft Design Projects: For Engineering Students. Lloyd R. Jenkinson. Dr. Jim Marchman. ISBN: 0750657723 Websites used: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070926094727.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Li www.soton.ac.uk/~jps7//manufacturing/aluminum-lithium.doc www.keytometals.com/Article58.ht http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380#cite_note-norris_wagner_book-12 Appendix 1

The Electoral Process :: President Elections Politics Essays

The Electoral Process There are very many elections each year in America. Though the most important, the national election for president is held every four years. These elections are far from simple in terms of organization. The process for a national election lasts nearly a year. A party must provide nominated people to stand for election. 'Primary election' is the term used in America for the elections which will select the two parties’ presidential nomination. The primary elections start in January of election year and can last until June in what is called the "primary season". Registered voters vote for their delegates. Since 1952 the first primary election has traditionally been in New Hampshire. Of those nominated, only one is selected by the party delegates at the national conventions. This takes place during the summer. The voting body at a national convention is made up of delegates. The delegates, once at a convention, vote for a candidate for the presidential election. The vice-president is also announced at the national convention. Also at the conventions, each party’s policy platform is announced. This is essentially what each party plans to do if elected by the people. After the national conventions, the two parties’ presidential hopefuls can concentrate on campaigning for the ultimate prize in American politics. Each state has a number of delegates attached to it who are members of the state’s Electoral College. It is these people who the voters in that state are in reality voting for as most of these delegates are voted for at the same time as the presidential election. The number of delegates a state gets is dependent on its population and its representation in the House of Representatives. The election of the electors and congress takes place on the first Tuesday in November. The presidential election is done on a winner-take-all basis in a state. Therefore if a candidate has most voters voting for him in a state, he will get all the Electoral votes from that state. This is true even if the number of people who voted against him is greater than the number he received.

The Similarities Between Classical Music and Ellingtons Jazz Essay

One of the greatest tragedies in the 20th century can be seen in the debasing of the Jazz genre as a unworthy equal to it’s predecessor, European Classical music. This can be seen in various statements about Jazz, such as Boris Gibalin commit, â€Å"The â€Å"Jazz Mania† has taken on the character of a lingering illness and must be cured by means of forceful intervention.†1 This conflict can be traced through out the history of Jazz, as Classical composers have relatively disregarded this new type of music. Before Duke Ellington’s Cotton Club performances, Jazz play on the radio was delegated for late night audience only. This sub-culture treatment has led many critics to disregard the Jazz movement as a dance craze, or unsuccessful recreations of Classical pieces. This slandering of Jazz has not only created a false image of the music, but it has also lead to a full disconnection between the two genres. It is for this reason that I propose in my pap er to show the relationship between these two musical categories. My hopes in demonstrating these similarities is to disassemble the schism of ignorance built between the two, and place both Jazz and Classical music on equal footing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Critics of Jazz have always perpetuated this schism by utilizing the reasoning behind Jazz, that of it being a free form interpretation, to question the legitimacy of calling a Jazz leader a composer. For how can one be styled as a proper composer and still remain true to the Traditional Jazz concepts? The classic composer has at their disposal highly skilled musicians who are trained to work within professional bodies, such as a symphony orchestra or string quartet, and who then relies on the efficiency of these professionally trained bodies to interpret his scores as he sees fit. On the surface this appears to run contradictory to the Jazz composer whom, â€Å"Has to write for specific combinations which do not exist until he brings them into being, and to rely on highly individual executants whose personal style must be blended together to give expression to his own ideas without†¦losing their individuality†.2 Yet to interpret this blending of highl y individualistic sounds as proof of a schism between this and the rigidly structured Classical composer is a false impression. This fallacy can be attributed to overemphasizing the sporadic and improvisational aspects of Jazz and refusi... ...usical category. From Bach to Mozart, Beethoven and even Tchaikovsyky employed it as a stylistic feature in their pieces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, one can see the shared characteristics of the two musical styles. Yet I find myself pressing again the reasoning for this paper, for I must submit that I am in no way declaring that Classical music equates Jazz. The two musical categories are different in numerous ways, but one must wonder does this difference justify the mistreatment of Jazz. Throughout history great innovations have been created not thought the passive means, but through the torrent fires of dissent. Classical music has born the scars of numerous dissenting musicians, all of who now stands as pinnacles of their craft. Yet now we have arrived at a time in which this reverent originality has become cause for scorn, and it is this debasement that I am addressing. By showing the similarities of the two genres, I had hoped in quenching this distaste for Jazz. This musical elitism that is being perpetuated can lead only to a disastrous finale for all who engage in it. Duke Ellington has it right when he stated, â€Å"There are only two types of music, good music and the rest.†18

Socrates versus Nelson Mandela Essays -- essays research papers

As an Athenian philosopher, Socrates spent his life in constant pursuit of insight. He loved engaging in conversations that helped him derive philosophical views on a number of different issues. The birth of ideas through critical reasoning can be credited back to his method of teaching, which is now known as the Socratic Method. Although widely respected today, many of his teachings were found controversial in Athenian times. Socrates was placed on trial and put to death soon after because of the disapproval of his ideas. Even with the anticipation of death linguring in his path, Socrates remained composed and curious. During his defense, he made it clear that death was nothing to fear, but rather an accepted inevitability of life. â€Å"Those of us who think that death is an evil are in error†(Plato, 39). Instead of viewing his sentence as a burden, Socrates regarded it as a potential opportunity. If death was the soul's journey to another place, the possibilities could be endless. He could obtain a considerable amount of knowledge by conversing with those who had already passed on. He could discuss virtue with victims who had also suffered death through injustice. Socrates would be able to reveal his philosophical views without having to fear for his life, which to him could be the greatest gift attainable. His uncertainty of death left him with one other view, if not a journey, then death was simply a state of nothingness. It would be an eternal resting period free of any and all d isturbances, like a peaceful sleep where even dreams were absent. As Socrates saw it, either alternative was just an advancement of the soul and nothing to be uneasy over. Socrates spent time carefully challenging the true meaning of... ...ad the right to learn, it was the soul’s most admirable gift, in which he could place no price on. Mandela deemed an education important as well. In fighting against the apartheid, he hoped that people of all colors and social classes could have equality in education. Mandela wrote, â€Å"Education is the great engine of personal development (Mandela, 166).† He believed it was the only cure for poverty and ignorance. â€Å"I cannot and will not cut my conscience to fit this year's fashions,† this famous line quoted by Lillian Hellman depicts the outlook of Socrates and Nelson Mandela. Even after being accused of some form of treason and being subjected to the punishment of losing their lives, neither man chose to conform to the basis of their authority. They had already carefully conceived their notions, and were not ready to mold them to fit someone else’s standards.

The Collapse of Ronan Point

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to consider the perceived failures associated with the famous collapse of Ronan Point on 16 May, 1968. Following a gas explosion, an entire corner of the 22 storey tower block in East London collapsed, killing 4 people and injuring 17. In order to analyse the failures that occurred, the paper will firstly look at the history of the building, its design and construction, before looking at the collapse itself and the perceived failures that were identified after the event. The building was named after the chairman of the housing committee of the relevant London Borough, Newham, and was one of many tower blocks built during the 1960s in a budget-driven and affordable way to deal with the growing demand for affordable housing in the region (Levy and Salvadori 1992). The very ethos of this affordable housing and the use of cheaper materials and cheaper construction approaches is arguably one of the first and fundamental contributory factors to the disaster (Griffiths et al 1968). Design and Construction The actual design and construction of the building was mooted as far back as the end of World War II, when much of the housing available in the London region was destroyed as a result of the war and there was a rapid demand for a large amount of housing. Other factors such as a lack of skilled labourers, as well as the changing housing policy which enabled multi-stories to be established, created a demand for the design and construction of buildings such as the one in question here. A prefabricated construction technique was used which involved the creation of much of the high-rise building which was then transported to the area for final construction (Cagley, 2003). The actual construction approach that was used here was that of the Larsen-Nielsen system which was composed of factory-built, precast concrete components designed to minimise on-site construction work. Walls, floors and stairways are all precast. â€Å"All units, installed one-story high are load bearing† (ENR, 1968 at p.54). Although this system was tried and tested, the approach was not designed to be used in a building of more than 6 storeys high. However, the building of this tower block was 22 storeys high and there was no recognition, at the construction phase, that this could potentially jeopardise the validity of the construction technique. The basic construction approach involved a precast concrete structure frame, with each floor of the multi-storey building being supported by the load-bearing walls directly beneath each other, floor upon floor (Bignell et al 1977). Collapse The collapse itself happened at 5:45 am in the morning when the tenant of one of the apartments on the 18th floor lit a match, unbeknownst that there had been a gas leak overnight. By lighting the match, an explosion took place and this ended up damaging the load-bearing wall which was present on the 18th floor and was acting as the only support for the corner of the 19th floor. When the corner of the 19th floor collapsed, this had the effect of the 20th floor collapsing. Once the floors above had already collapsed the pressure on the floors became unbearable and the domino effect continued downward, destroying the entire corner of the building (Delatte, 2009). The way in which the collapse took place meant that, essentially, it destroyed a portion of the living room all the way down the building, but left the bedrooms intact in most cases, with the exception of floors 17 to 22 the room which were in the immediate vicinity of the explosion. It was on these floors that all of the fata lities happened and due to the fact that the explosion had taken place early in the morning, the majority of the individuals who were in their bedrooms were unaffected (Delatte, 2009). Perceived Failures When looking at the perceived failures and causes of failure, it can be seen that the analysis is largely split into two distinct areas: first, considering the immediate cause of failure; the second looking at the fundamental flaws in the design and construction of the building that allowed such a dramatic reaction to the immediate event (Griffiths et al 1968). The actual investigation into the event which took place involved a government panel which was formed in order to look at the causes of failure and to consider whether or not there were other buildings which potentially could suffer from a similar eventuality, in the future. As stated previously, the construction approach taken for Ronan Point was replicated in many other buildings, with eight other exact replicas in occupation. Therefore, establishing the reason for the collapse is crucially important (Pearson and Delatte, 2003) One of the key factors that took contributed in the immediate event itself was found to be a substandard connection used in order to connect the gas stove in the relevant apartment. Whilst this meant that the gas leak had presented itself in a way that would not have been likely, had they used a different connection, as well as having the incorrect connection, it was found that over tightening had occurred during installation. This probably weakened the connection and allowed gas to leak out. Despite this, the evidence gathered suggested that the explosion itself was not substantial, as there was no permanent damage to the hearing of the individual in the apartment. This suggests that relatively little pressure was involved, although there was sufficient pressure to move the external walls of the building and to create a progressive collapse within the building (Levy and Salvadori, 1992). Broadly speaking, the progressive collapse is thought to have occurred due to the fact that there was a lack of alternate load paths available and there was no support for the structural frame available on the higher floors (Wearne, 2000). This meant that when there was an explosion on level 18, this took out the only support so that the floors above level 18 failed and this placed excessive pressure on the lower floors, until it ultimately collapse to ground level. Perceived failures, can be split into two distinct categories, the first being the cause of the explosion itself; the second looking at the repercussions of the explosion, which were extensive, given the magnitude of the explosion, which was relatively low. Procedure and Project Management Unsurprisingly, as a result of the collapse here, building codes, guidelines and regulations were advised not only in the United Kingdom, but across the globe. The building regulations, changed in 1970, state that any building with more than four storeys needs to have a design structure in place that would resist a progressive collapse of this nature (Pearson and Delatte, 2005, pp. 175). Apart from the construction mechanisms themselves, there were also concerns that failures had occurred in the project management, as well as failures to check procedures. The gaps between the floors and in the walls meant that the building had not been established in a way that was part of the original design and planning. In addition to the actual failure in the design of the property, concerns were also raised in the report in relation to the need for quality control of the construction processes taking place. For example, it was proven that during the construction, certain design factors had been ignored, with unfilled gaps between the floors and walls, throughout the premises, which meant that the building had little in the way of separation between the flats. Furthermore, in high rise buildings of this type, a relatively narrow staircase is acceptable, as there is thought to be enough fire protection between the floors. In the absence of this fire protection, narrow staircases w ould be unacceptable, in the event of a fire or explosion of this nature. Key Failures The analysis above indicates that there are several failures which together created the dramatic collapse at Ronan Point. These are: social pressures on the construction company to establish a large amount of housing accommodation, rapidly and cheaply; the use of constructions not aimed at high storey buildings of this nature; failures to put in place methods whereby there was no secondary support structure in place, in the event of a failure with any of the load-bearing walls; failures with the processes being followed, which resulted in the wrong processes being followed in the connection of the gas pipes, as well as other omissions during the construction process, with the failure to follow the design provided. It can be seen, that the project management would have, at least in part, dealt with many of these failures and would have either prevented the explosion, in the first place, or would have seriously reduced the impact of the explosion, once it did take place. The crucial factor in this analysis is that the explosion itself was relatively minor, yet the repercussions were large and it is this chain of events that requires attention when it comes to better project management, in the future. Recommendations for Better Project Management Certain failures took place at the design phase, when the design construction of the premises was selected, yet was not entirely suitable for a 22 storey building. This was arguably the first and crucial failure which could have been avoided with further research into the limitations of this design. However, the main focus of the recommendations presented here is in relation to the project management process, from the point at which the design was presented for the construction, to the point at which the building was completed (Pearson and Delatte, 2005). At the outset, when the project team came together, there was an opportunity to run scenarios and to check the validity of the chosen construction, given the design that were being presented and the need to establish a 22 storey building. By running these types of scenarios, it is likely that it would become apparent that the chosen construction design was simply inappropriate. Even without this element of the project management being undertaken and risk assessments being carried out, the next stage of the project management should have involved a strong quality control check for every aspect of the work. The fundamental design of the building was proven to be flawed; however, there were also errors during the actual construction phase, for example the use of the wrong connections when it came to the gas pipes installed. Although this, in itself, did not lead to the catastrophic collapse of part of the building, it did create a minor gas explosion which started the chain of events. Quality control processes at every phase of construction and fitting would have potentially prevented the chain of events from emerging, in the first place (Shepherd and Frost, 1995). Next Steps and Conclusions Bearing this in mind, there are several proposed changes and next steps which could be taken to prevent a similar failure happening in the future. Firstly, although the design used was accepted during this era, it was known that it would simply not be appropriate for the type of building which was being planned. This should have been noted, at the outset, with additional safety structures then planed so as to prevent this type of progressive collapse from taking place. Secondly, worst-case scenarios should be run, at the outset, to enable the project managers to ascertain whether any weaknesses existed. Moreover, although the rest of collapse in this case resulted in the building being destroyed, it was also not able to withstand strong winds and this also, ultimately, could have resulted in the building becoming uninhabitable. By running scenarios, such as high winds or explosion, these issues would have been highlighted and changes in the design could have been incorporated, from the outset (Pearson and Delatte 2003). Finally, quality control during the construction process was also not suitable. This should have been done with much greater consistency, to ensure that the smaller processes, such as the fitting of connections, was carried out to an appropriate standard, thus preventing the minor incident that ultimately led to the overall disaster. By following these clear project management approaches and ensuring that an individual was put in place, in order to manage quality and control, as well as any variables in this area, the collapse of the building could have been avoided, or at least the cause of the collapse mitigated against, so as not to cause loss of life and injury. References Bignell, V., Peters, J., and Pym, C. (1977). Catastrophic failures. Open University Press, Milton Keynes, New York. Cagley, J. R. (2003, April). The design professional’s concerns regarding progressive collapse design. Building Sciences, 27, 4-6. Delatte, N. J. (2009). Beyond failure: Forensic case studies for civil engineers. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, Virginia, 97-106. Engineering News Record (ENR). (1968). â€Å"Systems built apartment collapse.† ENR, May 23, 1968, 54. Griffiths, H., Pugsley, A. G., and Saunders, O. (1968). Report of the inquiry into the collapse of flats at Ronan Point, Canning Town. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London. Levy, M., and Salvadori, M. (1992). Why buildings fall down: How structures fail. W.W. Norton, New York, 76-83. Pearson, C., and Delatte, N. (2003). Lessons from the Progressive Collapse of the Ronan Point Apartment Tower. In Forensic Engineering, Proceedings of the Third Congress, edited by Paul A. Bosela, Norbert J. Dellate, and Kevin L. Rens, ASCE, Reston, VA., pp. 190-200. Pearson, C.,and Delatte, N. J. (2005) Ronan Point Apartment Tower Collapse and Its Effect on Building Codes. J. Perf. of Constr. Fac., 19(2), 172-177. Shepherd, R., and Frost, J. D. (1995). Failures in Civil Engineering: Structural, Foundation, and Geoenvironmental Case Studies, ASCE, New York. Wearne, P. (2000). Collapse: When Buildings Fall Down, TV Books, L.L.C., New York, 137-156.

Fast Food Nation Fast Essay

Eric Schlosser is the author who has written about the fast food industry and he presents many of his findings in the book â€Å"Fast Food Nation†. However, his book is not merely an expose of the fast food industry but is even more a consideration of how the fast food industry has shaped and defined American society in America and for other nations as America exports its fast food culture to others. Schlosser describes a great deal of American culture to the fast food mentality, and he finds that globalization is taking the fast food culture around the world at a rapid rate. Schlosser addresses a number of specific issues related to food production and distribution. He connects the social order of a society to the kind of food it eats and the way it eats that food, with American society very much defined by the fast food culture that has developed. Schlosser tends to represent the theory stressing the importance of interdependence among all behavior patterns and institutions within a social system, as can be seen from how he connects fast food to other social processes and institutions. The icon that represents fast food culture for most people is McDonald’s, though the fast food culture developed long before the creation of that restaurant chain. Schlosser considers the impact of such fast-food chains but also considers the primacy of the hamburger in the American diet and some of the dangers it poses. McDonald’s reliance on hamburger is a questionable item for a steady diet in a more health conscious age, and interferes with local customs and food in different parts of the world. Schlosser addresses this issue from several perspectives, beginning with a consideration of how safe the meat really is, not only on the basis of nutritional value but also on the basis of additives, preservatives, diseases, and even potential radioactivity. Some beef is considered questionable, and much of it makes its way through the USDA to school cafeterias as part of the National School Lunch Program. This is a very damaging charge as the most questionable beef is sent directly to the most vulnerable population, suggesting that protecting the industry is more important to the government than protecting the consumer. The hamburger is connected to a huge industry, which in turn has a vital role in the overall American economy. More than this, the image of the hamburger represents America to many people around the world, and other icons carrying the idea of America is seen in the logos of companies like McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and similar companies. A related food item is the potato, for french fries are apart of in hamburger meals. Schlosser makes it clear to the reader that many of the foods he or she eats have been altered, with artificial flavors added even to natural foods like potatoes. French fries are not simply carved out of potatoes and then cooked–they are also laced with food additives of various sorts, including artificial flavoring, to assure that the flavor is uniform and that it comes through after the processing and cooking. Some additives are also used to maintain the color of the product, so that it appears as the color the consumer associates with a given food even if that would not be the natural color if the food were merely cooked and served. Obviously, all this raises questions about how safe the various additives may be and whether this has been as thoroughly investigated as it should have been. Schlosser points out the process involved but does not take a strong stand against such practices. The way fast food is prepared has made much of this secondary industry necessary, and supports the connection between fast food and the social order made by Schlosser. The work environment is also addressed by Schlosser, and much of what he reports is troubling. The dangerous situation in slaughterhouses has long been known. Schlosser finds that the dangers have not diminished a great deal in the processes of raising, slaughtering, processing and distributing meat products in America in spite of inspections and OSHA regulations and other efforts. Pressure on some companies to increase revenues and profits has also meant companies breaking the law and taking chances with the lives of employees and even the public. Also, many of the workers are illegal immigrants, favored because they are willing to take menial jobs for low wages to raise, pick, transport, and process food. The needs of this industry shape a number of social institutions and also have a direct effect on local communities by bringing in people who require more social services than would otherwise be the norm. Throughout, Schlosser shows not only the dangers inherent in the fast food industry itself but also ways in which this industry has altered American society and may alter society around the world. The underlying force involved is profit rather than food value, and this is raising questions/concerns about the values we are exporting. Work Cited Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation. New York: Perennial, 2002.

Fahrenheit 451 Study Questions Essay

What is the significance of Montag seeing his reflection in Clarisse’s eyes? Montag sees himself in Clarisse’s eyes, indicating that there is a reflection of him in her. Although he does not really know what the similarities are between him and her, he is aware that there is a connection between them. What final question does Clarisse ask Montag on the night of their first encounter? Why is the question important to the plot? On the night of their first encounter Clarisse asks Montag the question â€Å"Are you happy?† Montag replies by saying yes. This question is important to the plot because it makes Montag question himself. Even though he said yes, he can feel that he is missing something in his life. Although he might not know what that is he is missing, he starts to question himself and what his life really is. He then attempts to figure out what is missing in his life and to fill the void. When Montag enters his home, he stares at the blank wall, but in memory sees Clarisse. What extended simile describes how he sees her? â€Å"She had a very thin face like the dial if a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a night when you waken up to see the time and see the clock telling you the hour the minute, the second with a white silence and a glowing, all certainty and knowing what it had to tell of the night passing swiftly on toward further darknesses, but moving also toward a new sun.† This is the simile in which the book describes how Montag sees Clarisse. The simile is comparing Clarisse to a clock, and how she is all-knowing with a mixed personality. At this point of realization, what happens to the smile on Montag’s face, and what is his answer to Clarisse’s question? Once Montag enters the bedroom the smile on Montag’s face goes away. He sees his wife lying down on the bed motionless and he starts to feel sad. At first Montag answered Clarisse’s question by saying yes but after seeing his wife lying down motionless, he begins to question his happiness. Describe Clarisse’s personality Clarisse is very curious and also very nice. She questions and wonders about many things. In the story, she is one of the few people who went outside the box and tries to do new things like playing with and smelling leaves. What does Clarisse say people talk about? Find some examples of representative conversations throughout the book. Clarisse says that no one engages in an actual conversation. She says that people only talk about televisions, cars and clothing but not a meaningful conversation. What is significance of the refrain repeated by the woman whose house was burned? What did it mean? What is its effect on Montag? The significance of the refrain repeated by the woman whose house was burned is â€Å"Play the man, Master Ridley; we shall this day light such a candle, by God’s grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out.† She is willing to lose her life to stand up for what she believed in, which was for the freedom to read. Montag begins to question why books were so important to her and why she sacrificed her life. Montag starts to wonder if books had important or useful information in them. What does Montag think about the old woman and all the books he has destroyed? He felt guilty and depressed when he thinks about the old woman who burned with her books. He starts to understand that books are not easy to write, and that behind every book is a man who spends their lives dedicated into putting their ideas into books. He then realizes that he destroys something that someone spends their whole lives making in a couple of minutes. Summarize Beatty’s explanation of how the need for fireman arose? Captain Beatty explains to Montag that firemen used to put out fires instead of setting them. Since all houses and buildings are fireproof there is no need for firemen anymore. He then said that intellectual and talented people made others uncomfortable and how books always caused conflict. Then they hired men to burn all these books since they caused conflict and those men were known as firemen. Part 2: The Sieve and the Sand What is the meaning of the title of Part 2? The title â€Å"The Sieve and the Sand† refers to an incident during Montag’s childhood. When Montag was young, his cousin told him that if he filled the sieve with sand he would give Montag a dime. However when Montag tries to fill the sieve with sand, the sand just falls through the holes of the sieve no matter how hard he tries. Now history repeats itself. Montag tries to memorize parts of the Bible, specifically the Book of Ecclesiastes. However when he tries to memorize the Book of Ecclesiastes on the train, the jingle from the advertisement for Denham’s Dentrifice keeps playing. Therefore Montag cannot memorize the Book of Ecclesiastes no matter how hard he tries because the dentrifice commercial keeps distracting him. Montag cannot memorize the words in the books because he is not used to reading since books are banned in the novel. In other words his mind is like a sieve and the information or words from the Bible is the sand, and no matter how hard he tries his mind can never hold the words he is trying to memorize. What is the importance of the dentrifice commercial? In the novel, the dentrifice commercial distracts Montag from focusing on memorizing the Book of Ecclesiastes. It interferes with Montag’s effort to think. This is the authors way of saying that how humans can easily be distracted by something as simple as a 4jingle for a product. Why does Montag go to see Faber? Montag needed to go see Faber because he hid many books in his house and he needs someone to explain what the books mean to him. He remembers he had once met a person named Faber at the park. When they both started talking to each other Faber told Montag that he was an English professor before books were banned. Therefore Montag tried to find a way to contact and meet Faber to help him understand more about books. What does Faber tell Montag about books? Faber tells Montag that books are important and that a person should be free to decide whether they want to read books or not. He also said that people should not be limited to obtain useful and important information that comes from books. In other words Faber tells Montag that people should have the freedom to read books. What are the three things which Faber says are missing from society? The three things which Faber says are missing from society are the quality of information, the leisure to digest it, and the right to carry out actions based on what we learn from the interaction of the quality of information and the leisure to digest it. Describe the parlor women, their views, their conversational concerns? The parlor women were only concerned on what new television they were going to buy. Montag sees this and turns off the walls or television in the middle of their show. Then he asks one of the parlor women about the war. She replied by saying that her husband is being called up to help in the war. However she isn’t worried she says that even if he dies she would not be sad and that she would just find another husband. That’s what she and her husband agreed on. He then asks another question, this time about children. Montag finds out that one of them would not have children and the other does but does not even care for them. Mildred, Montag’s wife, starts talking about politics. The parlor women tell Montag and Mildred who they voted for in the recent election. They tell them that she voted for President Noble just because he was much better looking. Why does Montag read â€Å"Dover Beach† aloud to the ladies? â€Å"Dover Beach† is a poem about the instability of life. It speaks of loss of faith and trust. The poem is also symbolic of their society. It talks about how faith used to be full but is now â€Å"retreating, to the breath of the night wind† leaving only â€Å"naked shingles of the world† and how this life has â€Å"neither joy nor love nor light† anymore. It is a great representation on what human life used to be and how it has become. How do the women react? The women started crying after Montag read â€Å"Dover Beach†. Although they do not fully understand the meaning of the poem, they sense that it was a sad and depressing poem. The women are not used to this kind of emotion and do not know how to react. Therefore they start crying and left Montag’s house. Part 3: Burning Bright What is Mildred’s main concern as she runs out of the house? Mildred mumbles as she’s running out, â€Å"Poor family, poor family, oh everything gone, everything, everything gone now†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Family in this context means the television walls she was so attached to. When she said that everything is gone now, she means her TV family. The TV walls were Mildred’s main concern as she runs out of the house. What feelings does Montag have about the burning house? Montag has mixed feelings after being forced by Captain Beatty to burn his own house. In some ways he is happy. He is relieved that he burnt down all the television walls that his wife was so attached to, and he also enjoyed the feeling of burning something again. However he was sad that he burned all the books inside the house and he was not happy that his wife started to turn on him after he burned down all the walls of the house. While Montag was in flight from the scene of Beatty’s murder, what thought occurred to him about Beatty? After Montag kills Beatty, a thought occurred to Montag that Beatty might have wanted to die all along. When Montag used a flamethrower on Beatty, he showed no signs of defending himself as if he did not care if he died and might have possibly wanted to die all along. What is the explanation which Montag and Faber arrive at for how so very much could have happened within one week? After Montag kills Captain Beatty he rushes to Faber’s house. There he wonders to Faber on how he killed his old boss, burned his house, and lost his wife all within one week. Faber replies to Montag by saying that all of this was â€Å"coming for a long time†. Montag understands Faber and says that he used to think that things were wrong for a long time even though he continued with his everyday life. What are Montag’s impressions of the land across the river? Montag was in awe of the beauty of the land across the river. He loved the natural beauty of the countryside, how it seemed so much freer and more natural compared to the computerized world he lived in. When Montag complained about being unable to remember Mildred, what explanation did Granger give him? When Montag said that he was unable to remember his past wife Mildred, Granger tells him about a story of the loss of his grandfather and how when someone dies they must leave something to be remembered by. When Granger asked Montag what Mildred left him he replied with â€Å"nothingness†. What was Granger’s philosophy on life, taught to him by his grandfather, and handed on to Montag? Granger’s philosophy of life is live every second you can as though in just ten seconds you will fall to the ground and die. He also tells Montag to leave his house and enjoy what nature has to offer, and to live life to the fullest. Describe the effects of the war as Montag imagined them. Montag imagines total destruction. He imagines Faber on his bus heading out of town, but there was no use. Where ever Faber’s destination was Montag imagined that it would be meaningless. He also imagined Mildred, quietly watching her TV walls and how that the bombs would hit her. What is the promise at the end of the novel? At the end of the novel, it talks about how a new era is about to begin. The promise is about a better world in the future, a world with human rights and freedom. A world in which people can read if they choose to, and how people are allowed to think of new ideas. A world of creativity and freedom.

Analytical Description of Players in Hamlet Essay

The significance of the players exceeds the sole purpose of entertainment, as each possesses the power to unveil the â€Å"occulted guilt† (3.2.75) and conscience of the King. Hamlet assumes the responsibility to advise these players with precise and adequate direction so that a â€Å"whirlwind of passion† (6) may not effectively separate Claudius from personally identifying with the play. Hamlet’s enthusiastic approach toward direction may be so that he encourages the players to â€Å"suit the action to the word, the word to the/ action, with this special observance, that you o’erstep not/ the modesty of nature† (16-18). However, this exercise of caution may justify Hamlet’s too often delayed attempt toward the action of avenging his father’s murder. His direction confines him to the overflow of words as he experiences imprisonment within the truth of his own identity. Hamlet grants himself the opportunity to momentarily direct himself, yet it remains unknown as to whether he directs a representation of truth or a falsity. He exemplifies madness so well, as the sight of â€Å"a damned ghost† (77) insanely induces his imagination and comfortably transforms his identity to one of lunacy. This role he acquires is one he portrays so explicitly well as an actor that he easily utilizes it as the foundation for his players. He instructs the players: Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand, Thus, but use all gently, for in the very torrent, tempest, And, as I may say, whirlwind of passion, you must acquire And beget a temperance that may give it smoothness. (4-7) Abstinence from overly dramatizing the actions of the play may be reflective of Hamlet’s character prior to his escape from true self: a once-lived life of normalcy focused more wholly on â€Å"smoothness† (7) rather than an uncontrolled â€Å"torrent, tempest, / †¦whirlwind of passion† (5-6). Hamlet’s direction of the players claims victory as Claudius abruptly arises and exclaims, â€Å"Give me some light. Away† (254)! Horatio’s observation of the King’s reaction confirms his guilt-inflamed conscience as he was forced to witness the reenactment of his brother’s murder. Hamlet, relieved, reveals, â€Å"I’ll take the ghost’s word for a thousand/ pound† (271-272). The ghost is officially trustworthy as the King’s reaction encourages Hamlet to journey further toward his mission of avenging the death of his father. Any form of immediate action is ignored when Hamlet wrestles Polonius with false visions of psychosis as he inquires, â€Å"Do you see yonder cloud that’s almost in shape of a / camel† (355-356)? Hamlet’s separation from action invites a sense of fear that intensifies his madness and entangles his entire self in nothing more than the mere use of words. It is his words that camouflage the notion that his own conscience may be afflicted with an overpowering sense of guilt. Even though Hamlet’s accurate direction of the players did celebrate success as it illustrated the guilt of the King’s conscience, Hamlet’s identity remains in crisis as he continues to revel in his words. His speech reveals his craving for action: ‘Tis now the very witching time of night, When churchyards yawn and hell itself (breathes) out Contagion to this world. Now could I drink hot blood, And do such (bitter business as the) day Would quake to look on. (367-371) The claim that he is prepared to engage in necessary action remains solely a claim as Hamlet’s burden of self-loathing dominates his internal struggle. He may fear the truth of his identity, as he is horrified by the realism included in the players’ precise portrayal of his own life in actuality.