Geronimo, Apache: A Defined Leader Essay

Geronimo, or Goyathlay, was a great leader from the Native American Bendokohe Apache tribe. Although Geronimo was not a chief, the tribe depended on the wisdom of his position as medicine man. Geronimo gathered such influence that he led the last force to formally capitulate to the United States by upholding the core Apache values that embody aspects that define a leader: aggressiveness, diligence, and courage. Geronimo displayed the core values of the Apache tribe, that of courage, diligence, and aggressiveness. These core values were what kept them relatively safe from the increasing white settlement of the west, including Arizona and New Mexico (theinitialjourney.com.) Aggressiveness, or assertiveness, and diligence are key aspects of a leader. A leader must be assertive as well as persistent in order to maintain a certain level of self-confidence and influence over those who are being led, even in the face of adversity. Geronimo was a great example of an assertive leader. Geronimo led the last major Native American Fighting force to surrender to the United States; thus having the longest resistance period. Upon the discovery that his mother, wife, and his three young children had been murdered by Spanish troops, he vowed to avenge his family by retaliating against as many Mexican settlements as possible. It was not until this time that he received his ‘power’ of seeing visi ons (Indigenouspeople.net.) It was because Geronimo held out the fight for so long, that he became the most famous Apache of all. By asserting himself and applying himself in order to uphold his values of family and justice, Geronimo became an essential force as medicine man, acting in and out of combat as a spiritual and intellectual leader of the people (not a chief.) He escaped from a reservation three times, the final time bringing thirty five warriors and one hundred nine women and children into freedom. It was through these acts that Geronimo transcended above and beyond advisor. Geronimo became an icon of freedom and persistence in the face of difficulty (indiginouspeople.net.) Through assertiveness and diligence, Geronimo led his people towards their goal of freedom, also exhibiting another leadership trait: courage. Geronimo was exceptionally courageous in the face of difficulty. After vowing to avenge his family and tribe after their murder was an extreme test of character and will. It was a desire for freedom that continued his ability to evade capture. â€Å"Geronimo, the most legendary Apache war leader, along with seventeen warriors, fourteen women, and six children had evaded capture despite pursuit by 5,000 U.S. troops, 3,000 Mexican soldiers, and numerous Indian scouts for more than six months. To the U.S. Army and the settlers in the area, the supremely resilient and determined Geronimo had personified the Apache problem and every raid on a village or wagon train was attributed to him. In the years following his surrender, Geronimo came to personify resilience in the face of overwhelming odds.† Tfaoi.com Geronimo became a legendary force against the involuntary capture of Native American Apaches. His courage against adversity compelled many to follow him. His statements of â€Å"coming from a land with no enclosures† inspired people to follow a dream of living simply as they once did; without white influence (indigenouspeople.net.) It was though this notion of courage to follow one’s true intuition in life. Geronimo was an exceptional leader, exuding leadership through the qualities of assertiveness, diligence, and courage. Geronimo led his people to freedom against white influence many a time over, evading capture the longest out of all Native American fighting forces. It was through diligence in repetition of effort, assertiveness of his character and moral intuition, and courage in the face of danger and difficulty that makes Geronimo a great leader. Works Cited: www.indigenouspeople.net/geronimo.htm http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/4aa/4aa494b.htm www.theinitialjourney.com/features/geronimo_01.html

Dreams come true Essay

When I was 3 years old my mother used to tell me mesmerising bedtime stories about the greatest world inventions ever made. I liked whenever, she talked about medical inventions or greatest cure to diseases, and I told her one day I will become a great biomedical scientist, and I will find cure for cancer. The prospect of becoming outstanding member of the society was overwhelming, and I always wondered when I will accomplish that dream. The journey of that dream of becoming a great scientist started when I first opened my science book in year three. The stories my mother used to relay when I was young were great, imaginative, and not feigned, and I always used to wonder if I will one day discover new technologies to cure the incurable diseases. My childhood dream of becoming a great scientist is taking shape and here I am operating computerised machines, collecting data and analysing them. My dream was to be accepted to study my chosen field of science at one of the best universities in the world, and here I am in 2016 studying biomedical science at one of the prestigious universities in the world. My dreams came to light, and I cannot wait to conduct research and challenge theories, and kill cancer for good. I am very excited about this. The creative juices are really flowing, and I exploit the bed time stories of my mum as a motivation, and a vehicle to push me through the challenges of daily life. To succeed in life and achieving your childhood dreams needs a lot of hard work, and I have gone through grueling years of high school studies to achieve success. Dreams come true, and I am a living proof.

Personal Change Essay

Every day I hear people talking about how they do not like this or how they want to change that. Oddly enough, I do not often hear someone say I really need to make a personal change. The thought that people point fingers at others and take not fault weighted on my mind for quite a while. So I decided if I could change one thing about myself in a positive way, it would be to stop being so self-centered. This change would not only be beneficial to me, but also the people around me. They would be a lot happier around me, it would open my eyes to a new perspective on life as a whole, and last but not least, I would not be as irresponsible. From my experience nobody likes to be around a selfish inconsiderate person. Making this change in my life would transform me from that selfish guy, to a caring, considerate and positive individual. Socially my world would sky rocket almost instantly. When someone is fun and considerate, they are easy to be around. This means I would attract more peop le, which leads me to my next point. The more people we meet in life, the more we learn. I feel that if I do not meet new people and experience new things, I will have that same old one tract mind. It is ok to be wrong and do what someone else wants to do from time to time. This will allow me to explore not only the world differently, but myself as well. A basic outlook on life is the direct product of being self-centered and hard to be around. Part of having a new perspective means, seeing that my old self interpretation or old opinion of myself may change. Ultimately this could lead to me looking at how I act and do things honestly. After looking at myself and how I actually am, there is no doubt in my mind I would come to the conclusion that I am not the most responsible person in the world. As a result, the logical thing for me to do next is to fix that problem. If I were more responsible I could take a lot more control of my life. Open new doors for myself in my school life, work life, and social life. Responsibility is the glue that holds a successful life together . All I really want in the end is to be successful anyway, so being responsible would defiantly be a great trait to have. All in all the change to stop being so self-centered would only change my life for the better. I can not think of any other change that would benefit me more. So I say to myself and anyone who will listen â€Å"Don’t let yourself hold you back.†

See Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

See Below - Essay Example Further, some people do not reason about some practices such as singing praise songs when worshipping in order to endorse their faith or belief system. On the other hand, morality can be independent of any belief system because it concerns much about what the society considers and accepts as good and acceptable behavior concerning most aspects of relationships, life, and inter-actions (Statman and Sagi 42). If religion is taken as a basis for morality, morality is strengthened because religious faiths are significant in offering morality direction and guidance of actions that are virtuous in a materialistic and corrupt world. In addition, it is not easy to differentiate right or evil from wrong unless a person has infinite or divine reference point, which in real sense is good. Religion provides this infinite reference point (Statman and Sagi 46). In addition, morality is strengthened because it is via religion that the platform of determining what is good or bad is

Jurisprudence in Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jurisprudence in Law - Essay Example In a legalist hypotheses cosmos, eschatological issues are always at hand and must always be subject to lawyers as they can themselves never be ultimately determined (Macdonald and Kleinhans 1997, p. 25). Having picked up our eyes up to the sky we face the confrontation of thinking about the interaction of law again, and from where can we discover a methodology to surmount the hypothetical difference lies between law and human contact The legal pluralist project is, certainly, not about paying any attention to differences by counting them under a structural-operational mold that claims to find a solitary justification for the different magnitudes of legal normativity1 (B.Z. Tamanaha 1993, pg. 192). But this keeps away from the predicament of responsibility only by abstaining from (in any case apparently) any grave commitment with normative case. One might ask whether this provides any proper knowledge and information on the nature of law. Somewhat, the objective is to represent legal and social observable facts with respect to each other and in their full opulence and aspects, inquiring and checking conceptions and classes by which legal and societal life are presented as sporadic (D aniel 2001). LegaLegal pluralism has developed as a response to the leading viewpoint of "lawful centralism", explicitly the standpoint that "law is and ought to be the law of the country, uniform for all people, not including all other laws, and managed by a particular set of state bodies" (Griffiths 1986: 3). As vehemently nurturing a pluralistic insight of social existence soaked with diverse normative arrangements, Griffiths espoused an exceptionally colossal reflection of the state itself. The texts on legal pluralism have tendencies to speak the words of social science, as suited in its foundation in anthropology and sociology (Sally Engle 1988). It takes a peripheral standpoint that is concerned with unfolding the way wherein norms build up, set it, and are being relevant in societal contexts. It is concerning with distinguishing the existence and process of those traditions and norms. Establishing the law is conjured up as an issue of attaining information, of discriminating the norms fu nctioning in a social field (Sally Engle 1988). The norms are alleged to be present. The objective of intellectuals is to distinguish and illustrate them. Legal pluralists don't, on the other hand, treat law in the naive way now and then ascribed to the legal theorists: they don't mull over law minimally to be anything board of adjudicators and legal representatives happen to do, as the plain practices that are carried out by lawyers, deprived of all logic of commitment. Diverse pluralists give an explanation for the compulsory force of norms in a different way. Some, like Sally Falk Moore (1978), give emphasis to functionalist details: norms enable inevitability and hence harmonization in human contact; they come out and are continued by the requirement to smooth the progress of societal interaction. Her lawful pluralism has a clearly embittered nature, paying limited concentration to assertions of cultural legitimacy or opinion about 'fair dealing', justice. Actually, she is in general nonchalant with the sources of norms. In her work, the norms have a tendency to be set

The influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung Dissertation

The influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis - Dissertation Example The researcher states that a practice of burning a substance like tobacco or cannabis and inhaling or tasting it is called Smoking. Cigarettes are the most common method of smoking. Pipes, Bidis, Cigars, Hookahs etc are other methods. A research shows that â€Å"half of all long term smokers will die† (It’s Never Too Late to Quit Smoking, Says Study 2012) due to disease related to smoking it suggests that â€Å"even non smokers† are prone to these diseases. Worldwide a â€Å"large number of people† are killed because of these diseases. Study shows that â€Å"one out of two people† die due to their habit of smoking and that too many at their mid age. There is lot of harmful effects on the body like – †¢ Temporary increase of â€Å"blood pressure† and heart beat further straining the heart and blood vessels. †¢ The chances of â€Å"heart attacks, strokes, paralysis and weakness† (Pai 2011). There are â€Å"numerous cancers† associated with smoking. †¢ Smoking at young age â€Å"reduces IQ† of a person. The â€Å"blood circulation† is not proper which affects the body and skin. This also leads to weakness. †¢ It â€Å"damages the retina† thereby affecting the eyesight. †¢ Smoking â€Å"causes the bones to become weak† (Nutrition and Weak Bones 2010) leading to fractures. †¢ â€Å"Fertility† related problems are seen in both men and women. †¢ Smokers are prone to â€Å"kidney, stomach† related diseases. †¢ It also leads to â€Å"lung cancer† â€Å"Pregnancy† related issues are found in women who smoke. The new born child is also adversely affected. People who smoke have a â€Å"shorter life span.† Smoking can cause different types of cancer. These include Lung cancer, Mouth cancer, Throat, â€Å"Stomach† Esophagus, cancer of Kidney, cancer of Bladder, cancer in Pancreas etc. Lung cancer is one amongst the most â€Å"deadliest form of cancer.† (Epidemiology of Lung Cancer n.d.). Every year aboutâ€Å"7.5 million people die† (U.N. Summit as World Cancer Toll Increases 2012) of lung cancer. The â€Å"survival† (Lung Cancer Survival Rate 2011) of the lung cancer patients depends on it’s diagnose stage and type. Now the question arises what exactly is Lung cancer. Due to series of changes in the cells in the lungs they tend to grow abnormally and â€Å"out of control† (Eldridge 2012). This type of behavior in the lungs is known as Lung cancer. This can occur any were throughout the lungs. Lung cancer is mainly classified in to two types, 1. â€Å"Small Cell Lung Cancer† (Lung C ancer n.d.). 2. â€Å"Non Small Cell Lung Cancer† (Lung Cancer n.d.). Small Cell Lung Cancer: Study reveals that around â€Å"10% to 15 %† (Lung Cancer (Small Cell 2012) of Lung cancer patients suffer from Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). It â€Å"spread quickly† (Patient Information: Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (Beyond the Basics) 2012). It is more found in people who smoke than those who do not smoke. SCLC is considered as the â€Å"most aggressive form of Lung cancer† (Lung Cancer (Small Cell 2012). It tends to develop in the â€Å"bronchi† (Lung Cancer 2012) which is present in the centre part of the chest and later spreads to the other parts of the body. Small Cell Lung Cancer is also known as â€Å"oat cell cancer, oat cell carcinoma and small cell undifferentiated carcinoma† (Lung Cancer (Small Cell 2012). SCLC has further two other forms namely- â€Å"Small cell car cinoma (oat cell cancer)† (Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatmen t (PDQ ®) 2012): This is one of the most malignant kinds of cancer. It grows within the lungs. â€Å"Combined small cell carcinoma† (Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ ®) 2012). – It is a lung cancer which has different stages. It emerges in the form of a tumor in the lung tissue. Non Small Cell Lung

What is meant by use of force continuum, how can it be problematic, Essay

What is meant by use of force continuum, how can it be problematic, and what is the general structure and function of the dynamic resistance response model - Essay Example ce continuum helps both law enforcement officials and the people to know about the extent to which law provides permission to the authorities to use force as a mean to know the truth in interrogation process. Use of force continuum is different in different countries based on the differences in the functioning of criminal justice system. Use of force continuum may become problematic when the law enforcement officials cross the limits in using this law. Some officials misuse their power in the name of this law to torture the suspect. The dynamic resistance response model helps law enforcement officials to use force judiciously based on the circumstances. The official should not use force if the accused or the criminal is ready to obey his instructions. â€Å"Within the constitutional parameters established by the Court, most agencies require officers to adhere to more restrictive use of force policies, which, in fact, have not entirely eliminated the controversy surrounding officer citizen encounters as evidenced by continued allegations of misuse of force† (FBI Law enforcement bulletin, 2007, p.16). For example, drink driving is common in many of the countries. When the police stop such cars, some drivers may not come out automatically. The police can use force if the driver continues to stick with his decision to stay inside the car. To conclude, use of force continuum & dynamic resistance response model provide guidelines to the law enforcement officials and the people with respect to the use of force by the law enforcement officers in certain

Role of Social Systems Theory and the Family within Society Essay

Role of Social Systems Theory and the Family within Society - Essay Example The ideal should be to provide as good a practical service to clients as possible rather than the testing of ideas. Social systems theory is a method of understand various systems that humans interact with in an effort to provide answers for the problems of social functioning that may occur for both individuals and groups. Throughout the history of sociology there have been various attempts to construct what might be termed as a "grand theory" of human social interaction (Jokisch, 2001). Talcott Parsons was one of the first sociologists to offer a single theory. Parsons saw systems as an analytical tool to understand certain processes that were occurring within society. By contrast, e was followed up by the specific features of Niklas Luhmann, who first used the term social systems theory (Luhmann, 1995). Luhmann suggests that systems exist as a discrete entity that can and should be studied in and of itself. As Moeller et al. suggest, the originating point of nearly all social systems theory is that "it no longer holds that current society can be successfully based on the basis that it is (or should be) fundamentally humane, and that it is, on principle, an assembly of individual human beings" (Moeller, 2006). Thus social systems theory avoids the temptation to indulge in what may be seen as unfounded generalizations about the "nature" of human beings or far reaching conceptualizations that ignore reality. The basis of Luhmann's ideas is communication. He sees social systems as essentially systems of communication. A system is defined by a boundary between it and its environment, dividing it from a hopelessly complex and chaotic exterior. The systems is then, through simple logic, less complex and less chaotic than the exterior. Luhmann argues that if a system fails to maintain its identity, it cease to exist as a system and dissolves back into the overall environment from which it emerged in the first place. Elements are filtered by the system into some kind of organization within what Luhmann termed as autopoiesis, literally "self-creation", a term he borrowed from cognitive biology. Social systems are autopoietically closed as they use and rely upon resources from the environment, but these resources do not necessarily become part of the system's environment. With some reason, much of social systems theory has been criticized as rather remote and perhaps not too relevant to the actual world that human beings inhabit. The fact that the study of humans as discrete individuals is rejected by Luhmann et al. seems to lend support to these criticisms. As Weiner (1978) it might be difficult to associate such esoteric theories with their application within the resoundingly practical world of the delivery of human services to at need groups, families and individuals. But seeing society as a system, and one in which the constituent parts can be analyzed and perhaps even categorized according to similar types that have been discovered before is of use to the delivery of human services. Many societies may seem so utterly complex that the only method of dealing with them is on a case-by-case ad hoc basis rather than through some kind of systematic paradigm. Systems theory may help in answering a number of basic questions regarding human services. As Gardner (2003) suggest,

Cultural Plualism Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Plualism Assignment - Essay Example The people, who migrate from their homelands to work in foreign lands, form minorities and represent their cultures in the presence of other cultures; this creates the concept of cultural pluralism. Following are some of the criteria, on the basis of which different cultures can be described; Individualistic versus collective Masculinity versus femininity Social perspective of different cultures 2. Cultural Patterns The cultural pattern that has been chosen for analysis (with respect to a global context) is ‘individualistic versus collective’ cultures. Dessler (2007) defined individualism as the extent to which individuals look out for their own betterment instead of acting like a member of a group (or society). The societies that promote such non-conformist point of views are often termed as individualistic cultures. In individualistic cultures, social and family bonds are much looser than the other cultures since they do not value traditional customs and morals to a gr eat extent. Lascu (2003) explained that great stress is laid on the achievement of personal goals and attaining capabilities to fulfill their dreams. Social norms are not as important as the individual’s own decisions and judgments. Their main aims in life are self satisfaction, achievement of their own objectives and fulfillment of their own desires. People, who follow an individualistic culture, feel unenthusiastic about participating in collective efforts of a group if their own actions are not acknowledged and rewarded. Collectivism can be defined as the extent to which individuals act for the betterment of the whole group (family, social circle etc) rather than self interests. Hofstede (2001) stated that the social ties and values of individuals are very strong in a collectivist culture. They value the greater benefit of the whole group before their own and are in favor of sharing their rewards with all the group members. There exists a need in the collectivist culture t o associate oneself with a certain group since the sense of belonging and dependence is very common. Markus and Kitayama (1991) defined individualism and collectivism as independence and interdependence with the individual’s organization, respectively. Collectivist culture promotes interdependence with people outside the group and greater associations with people inside the group. Krynke (1998) stated that cultures have been witnessed to transform from collectivist to individualistic ones due to the progression of industrialization. 3. Individualistic and Collective Cultures in a Global Perspective Individualistic culture is usually witnessed in organizations that are present in fully industrialized countries for example, United States, Britain, Australia etc. The western countries have been known to possess loose social and cultural ties in their societies therefore individualistic culture usually prevails in the respective region. The individual is not dependent on his orga nization, at any emotional level. The concepts of trust, loyalty and friendship do not bear much relevance in such cultures since greater success and profits overpower all other factors. Individualistic culture promotes the concept of enhancing their own identity on the basis of their unique traits. On the contrary, Asian and Middle Eastern countries have always treasured the factors of social harmony, religious norms etc. The culture in such regions is strongly influenced by religion and traditions of their past generations, due to which they value

Promotional Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Promotional Analysis - Research Paper Example The area of the business is strategically located in order for its esteemed customers to access quickly. Because the store also has a high volume of individuals, it is situated in the center of the city and a very spacious locality. Due to greater demand for perfume across the world, the idea of note fragrance came into being. Moreover, the availability of materials as well as skilled labor required producing the product enhanced product generation, also there the high demand for quality and affordable fragrance perfumes boosted the business idea in its existence. Like any other business, the owners of note fragrance had an intention of making profit and employment generation to individuals around the world. In addition, strategic location of the company as well-advanced marketing strategies that are E-marketing among other online services boosted the Idea of generating the Note fragrance store. The business also requires little capital start as cheap and readily labor contributes in one way to another for the development of the fragrance shop. The idea of creating my perfumes emerges because passions and interest in perfumes. Apart from enjoying the beautiful scent of the perfume, I join the business for the sake of make profit and try to make ends meet. Due to readily available market for the product and sufficient infrastructure also boosts the need for one to invest heavily in the business. The product also does not only concentrate on particular individuals, but it cuts across to; young and old, men as well as women. Due to high demand and readily available market for the product, it will call for massive production that will increase the volumes of supplies hence meeting the customers demand at any given time across the world. Fragrance oil international limited is one of the major competitors, producing the same product as Note fragrance. In addition, luxury store also sells

Leadership Matrix and Decision Making Assignment

Leadership Matrix and Decision Making - Assignment Example Assessment of leadership through decision-making ability is a complex and sensitive activity, which can be done through appropriate questioning and drawing leaders’ viewpoints and plans of action in different scenarios. Following is a set of questions with all possible answers/options that different leaders may choose with respect to areas requiring critical decision making such as delegation of authority, involving group members in a decision-making process, and focus on driving results. Based on these questions and the matrix, leaders scoring highest on option-a (strongly agree) can be termed as effective decision makers. These leaders possess good people management skills; they motivate people through involvement in the decision-making process; they create accountability for decisions made. These leaders maintain the integrity and set the right example to the group members by doing the right thing. Servant leadership is more of service than of leadership itself. Such leaders are committed to people through their work, and fully accept their responsibility and accountability for their job. These leaders tend to be highly transparent in their views, possess great willingness to learn, and possess the high sense of honesty and integrity. These leaders value the differences that may exist and work in collaboration with the group. These leaders work proactively towards their vision. Servant leaders possess the insight and ability to make important decisions, allocate resources and decision making authority by empowering others to act for the betterment of people and the organization. Their focus on relationships helps them gain the better understanding of their people, which in turn ensures appropriate empowerment. These leaders are self-motivated, and they bring a lot of emotions in their surroundings to build a strong team for the organization. Servant leaders believe in inclusive working style, i.e. they involve other members of the group in critical areas of work.

Ethical Leadership in Organizations Essay Example for Free

Ethical Leadership in Organizations Essay Ethical leadership is leadership that is involved in leading in a manner that respects the rights and dignity of others. As leaders are by nature in a position of social power, ethical leadership focuses on how leaders use their social power in the decisions they make, actions they engage in and ways they influence others. Leaders who are ethical demonstrate a level of integrity that is important for stimulating a sense of leader trustworthiness, which is important for followers to accept the vision of the leader. Leaders who are ethical are people-oriented, and also aware of how their decisions impact others, and use their social power to serve the greater good instead of self-serving interests. Motivating followers to put the needs or interests of the group ahead of their own is another quality of ethical leaders. Motivating involves engaging others in an intellectual and emotional commitment between leaders and followers that makes both parties equally responsible in the pursuit of a common goal. Ethical leadership falls within the nexus of inspiring, stimulating, and visionary leader behaviours that make up transformational and charismatic leadership. Ethical leaders assist followers in gaining a sense of personal competence that allows them to be self-sufficient by encouraging and empowering them. What is Ethical Leadership? One typical response to the â€Å"ethics crisis† in business is a clarion call for more â€Å"ethical leadership,† yet there are few explanations of what exactly is meant by the term. Many executives and business thinkers believe that ethical leadership is simply a matter of leaders having good character. By having â€Å"the right values† or being a person of â€Å"strong character,† the ethical leader can set the example for others and withstand any temptations that may occur along the way. Without denying the importance of good character and the right values, the reality of ethical leadership is far more complex and the stakes are much higher. Over the past 25 years, in talking to executives in a number of industries about the problems of how to lead in a world of great change—globalization, democratization, and incredible technological advances—we have identified a number of touchstones for the idea of â€Å"ethical leadership.† Our experience is often contrary to the picture of business executives one finds in public discussion where they are often seen as greedy, competitive, and only concerned with compensation. In fact most executives want to be effective in their jobs and to leave their companies and the world a better place, creating value on both fronts for those whose lives they affect. Our view of ethical leadership takes into account not only the leader but also his constituents (followers and key stakeholders), the context or situation that the leader and constituents face, the leader’s processes and skills, and the outcomes that result. Leaders are first and foremost members of their own organizations and stakeholder groups. As such, their purpose, vision, and values are for the benefit of the entire organization and its key stakeholders. â€Å"Leaders see their constituents as not just followers, but rather as stakeholders striving to achieve that same common purpose, vision, and values. These follower and stakeholder constituents have their own individuality and autonomy which must be respected to maintain a moral community.† Ethical leaders embody the purpose, vision, and values of the organization and of the constituents, within an understanding of ethical ideals. They connect the goals of the organization with that of the internal employees and external stakeholders. Leaders work to create an open, two-way conversation, thereby maintaining a charitable understanding of different views, values, and constituents’ opinions. They are open to others’ opinions and ideas because they know those ideas make the organization they are leading better. Characteristics of Ethical Leaders In today’s turbulent world, ethics and values are present at a number of levels for executives and managers—leaders who devote their time and energy to leading the process of value creation. This broader concept of ethical leadership empowers leaders to incorporate and be explicit about their own values and ethics. The following list provides a framework for developing ethical leadership. It is based on the observations of and conversations with a host of executives and students over the past 25 years, and on readings of both popular and scholarly business literature. Written from the perspective of the leader, these ten facets of ethical leaders offer a way to understand ethical leadership that is more complex and more useful than just a matter of â€Å"good character and values.† â€Å"It is important for leaders to tell a compelling and morally rich story, but ethical leaders must also embody and live the story. This is a difficult task in today’s business environment where everyone lives in a fishbowl—on public display. So many political leaders fail to embody the high-minded stories they tell at election time, and more recently, business leaders have become the focus of similar criticism through the revelations of numerous scandals and bad behaviours. CEOs in today’s corporations are really ethical role models for all of society.† 1. Articulate and embody the purpose and values of the organization. Following a series of unethical activities by Citigroup employees in Japan in 2004, new CEO Chuck Prince fired several executives, publicly accepted responsibility and bowed apologetically to Japanese officials. Not only did Prince’s message resonate within Japan, but it also signalled a new era of â€Å"shared responsibility† within the culture of Citigroup where every employee was expected to take ownership for their decisions that affected the enterprise. 2. Focus on organizational success rather than on personal ego. Ethical leaders understand their place within the larger network of constituents and stakeholders. It is not about the leader as an individual, it is about something bigger—the goals and dreams of the organization. Ethical leaders also recognize that value is in the success of people in the organization. In 1998, in a bold gesture demonstrating how he valued the company’s line employees, Roger Enrico, former Chairman and CEO of PepsiCo, chose to forego all but $1 of his salary, requesting that PepsiCo, in turn, contribute $1 million to a scholarship fund for employees’ children. In a similar manner, the founders of JetBlue began a process of matching, from their salaries, employee donations to a charity. Today, their entire salaries go to the JetBlue Crewmember Catastrophic Plan charity, to assist staff with crises not covered by insurance. The point of these examples is not that ethical leaders donate their salaries to charities, but rather that ethical leaders identify and act on levers, such as employee loyalty, that drive organizational success. 3. Find the best people and develop them. This task is fairly standard in different models of leadership. Ethical leaders pay special attention to finding and developing the best people precisely because they see it as a moral imperative—helping them to lead better lives that create more value for themselves and for others. Finding the best people involves taking ethics and character into account in the selection process. â€Å"Ethical leaders pay special attention to finding and developing the best people† Many CEOs have said to us that judging someone’s integrity is far more important than evaluating their experience and skills. Yet, in many organizations, employees are hired to fill a particular skill need with little regard to issues of integrity. 4. Create a living conversation about ethics, values and the creation of value for stakeholders. Too often business executives think that having a laminated â€Å"values card† in their wallet or having a purely compliance approach to ethics has solved the â€Å"ethics problem.† Suffice it to say that Enron and other troubled companies had these systems in place. What they didn’t have was a conversation across all levels of the business where the basics of value creation, stakeholder principles and societal expectations were routinely discussed and debated. There is a fallacy that values and ethics are the â€Å"soft, squishy† part of management. Nothing could be further from the truth. In organizations that have a live conversation about ethics and values, people hold each other responsible and accountable about whether they are really living the values. And, they expect the leaders of the organization to do the same. Bringing such a conversation to life means that people must have knowledge of alternatives, must choose every day to stay with the organization and its purpose because it is important and inspires them. Making a strong commitment to bringing this conversation to life is essential to do if one is to lead ethically. Most people know the story of Johnson and Johnson’s former CEO Jim Burke and the Tylenol product recall in the 1980s in which, at a great short-term financial cost, he pulled all potentially tampered-with products off the shelves, thereby keeping the public’s trust intact. The less well-known background to this story, however, is critical to understanding the final outcome. Well before the Tylenol crisis hit, Johnson Johnson had held a series of â€Å"challenge meetings† all around the world, where managers sat and debated their â€Å"Credo,† a statement of their purpose and principles of who they wanted to be as a company. The conversation about ethics at Johnson Johnson was alive, and in many ways made Jim Burke’s choice about handling the situation clearer than it otherwise would have been. 5. Create mechanisms of dispute. This needs to be made part of the organizational culture, not just a line item in a compliance program document. Some companies have used anonymous e-mail and telephone processes to give employees a way around the levels of management that inevitably spring up as barriers in large organizations. Many executives also have used â€Å"skip level† meetings where they go down multiple levels in the organization to get a more realistic view of what is actually going on. General Electric’s famous â€Å"workout† process—where workers meet to decide how to fix problems and make the company better—was a way for front line employees to push back against the established policies and authority of management. All of these processes lead to better decisions, more engaged employees, and an increased likelihood of avoiding damaging mistakes. In a company that takes its purpose or values seriously, there must be mechanisms of pushing back to avoid the values becoming stale and dead. Indeed, many of the current corporate scandals could have been prevented if only there were more creative ways for people to express their dissatisfaction with the actions of some of their leaders and others in the companies. The process of developing these mechanisms of dissent will vary by company, by leadership style, and by culture, but it is a crucial leadership task for value creation in today’s business world. 6. Take a charitable understanding of others’ values. Ethical leaders can understand why different people make different choices, but still have a strong grasp on what they would do and why. Following twenty-seven years in South African prisons, Nelson Mandela was still able to see the good in his jailers. After one particularly vicious jailer was being transferred away from Robbins Island because of Mandela’s protest and push back, the jailer turned to Mandela and stated â€Å"I just want to wish you people good luck.† Mandela interpreted this statement charitably as a sign that all people had some good within them, even those caught up in an evil system. Mandela felt that it was his responsibility to see this good in people and to try and bring it out. One CEO suggested that instead of seeing ethical leadership as preventing people from doing the wrong thing, we need to view it as enabling people to do the right thing. 7. Make tough calls while being imaginative. Ethical leaders inevitably have to make a lot of difficult decisions, from reorienting the company’s strategy and basic value proposition to making individual personnel decisions such as working with employees exiting the organization. Ethical leaders do not attempt to avoid difficult decisions by using an excuse of â€Å"I’m doing this for the business.† The ethical leader consistently unites â€Å"doing the right thing† and â€Å"doing the right thing for the business.† The idea that â€Å"ethical leadership† is just â€Å"being nice† is far from the truth. Often, exercising â€Å"moral imagination† is the most important task. Mohammed Yunus founded the Grameen Bank on such moral imagination. By taking the standard banking practice of only lending to people with collateral, and turning it on its head, Yunus spawned an industry of micro-lending to the poor. The Grameen Bank’s motto is that poverty belongs in a museum. In addition to having one of the highest loan repayment rates in the banking industry, the bank’s program of lending to poor women in Bangladesh to start businesses has helped millions of them to be able to feed themselves. 8. Know the limits of the values and ethical principles they live. All values have limits, particular spheres in which they do not work as well as others. The limits for certain values, for instance, may be related to the context or the audience in which they are being used. Ethical leaders have an acute sense of the limits of the values they live and are prepared with solid reasons to defend their chosen course of action. Problems can arise when managers do not understand the limits of certain values. As an example, one issue common to the recent business scandals was that managers and executives did not understand the limits of â€Å"putting shareholders first.† Attempts to artificially keep stock prices high—without creating any lasting value for customers and other stakeholders—can border on fanaticism rather than good judgment. Ethics is no different from any other part of our lives: there is no substitute for good judgment, sound advice, practical sense, and conversations with those affected by our actions. 9. Frame actions in ethical terms. Ethical leaders see their leadership as a fully ethical task. This entails taking seriously the rights claims of others, considering the effects of one’s actions on others (stakeholders), and understanding how acting or leading in a certain way will have effects on one’s character and the character of others. There is nothing amoral about ethical leaders, and they recognize that their own values may sometimes turn out to be a poor guidepost. The ethical leader takes responsibility for using sound moral judgment. But, there is a caution here. It is easy to frame actions in ethical terms and be perceived as â€Å"righteous.† Many have the view that ethics is about universal, inviolable principles that are carved into stone. We need to start with principles and values, and then work hard to figure out how they can be applied in today’s complex global business environment. Principles, values, cultures, and individual differences often conflict. Ethical leadership requires an attitude of humility rather than righteousness: a commitment to one’s own principles, and at the same time, openness to learning and to having conversations with others who may have a different way of seeing the world. Ethics is best viewed as an open conversation about those values and issues that are most important to us and to our business. It is a continual discovery and reaffirmation of our own principles and values, and a realization that we can improve through encountering new ideas.

Definition of tourism

Definition of tourism Introduction 1.1 Background of study Tourism is the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. In 21st century, travel is a common thing for people, but in the past people hard to travel from place to place because lack of transportation and technology. Travel defines as people moving from one place to another. People travel because of pull and   push factor ,push and pull factor are influence by lots of factors such as economic ,social, climate, geographical characteristic and etc. spatial movement is very important and worth our attention, it focusing on tourist generating areas and tourist receive areas as well as the transit route between its. To do so, I have adopted Leipers model, which was suggested in 1979 and adapted in 1995 (Figure 1). Tourist flow is a flows or spatial interaction between places, with the destination area containing a surplus of a commodity and the generating area having a demand for a commodity. It influenced by a variety of push and pull factors. Batu Ferringhi located on the northern coast of Penang, Malaysia. This place is chosen as one of the attraction places in Penang because of the sandy beach and luxury resort.   The only entrance by land to go to Batu Ferringhi is the narrow mountains road. Penang Hill or affectingly known by locals as Bukit Bendara, is one of the only cool places to visit in Penang. A hill with elevation of about 833 m (2723 ft) has proved that it is one of the main attractions not only to the foreigner but also locals. 1.2Research statement The study of tourist flows can be very important because by understanding the travel movement, government or the private sector can create a new marketing strategic to attract more tourists. By studying the geographic characteristics of exiting tourist, it can reveal the potential market, such as ecotourism, heritage tourism and etc. 1.3Research Questions What is the tourist pattern? What are the most famous attraction places in Penang? Where is the most of the tourist come from? What is the tourist flow of Batu Ferringhi and Penang Hill 1.4 Study Methology Stage 1: Preliminary Stage On this stage, study background and the scope of study will be written down; goal and researchs objective will be set up so that it can make the research path clearer beside that literature review and the significance of the research will be written down. Survey questionnaires will be designated in this stage. (Refer to figure 2) Stage 2: The Data Collection The method use in the research will be quantitative so that more information from the tourists will be getting by conduct survey questionnaire. The data collection will be dividing into two, primary and secondary. For primary data collection, survey and interview will be conduct so that can know more about tourist travel pattern, I also will interview with the stalls seller or shop in Batu Ferringhi and Penang hill. For secondary, information will be get from books, journals and internet. (Refer to figure 2) Stage 3: Analysis and Synthesis On the stage, the survey questionnaire will be compile and using the SPSS (the statistics software) to create the graph or statistics. Beside that, the tourist flows network in Penang will be created. (Refer to figure 2) Stage 4: Recomendation In this stage, the recommendation how to improve the tourism in Batu Ferringhi and Penang hill, how to solve the impact of tourist flows. So that, the tourism is Batu Ferringhi and Penang hill will not face the decline stage or over crowded in one place. (Refer to figure 2) 1.5Goal The goal of this study is to identify the tourist movement patterns and to solve the impact influence by tourist flows. 1.6 Study Objectives The major objectives that will be indentified are: To indentify the travel pattern of tourist in Batu Ferringhi and Penang Hill To indentify which country tourist come to Batu Ferringhi and Penang Hill To indentify the major influences of tourist movement in Batu Ferringhi and Penang Hill 1.7 Hypothesis The number of tourist going to Batu Ferringhi and Penang hill The development in Batu Ferringhi and Penang hill will be increase. Lots of tourist coming from Europe country and Middle East. 1.8 Significance of study The significances of the research for the tourism department and the private sector are they can use the research as reference so that the can understand the tourist flows in Penang beside that, they can implement new marketing strategic to get more profit .other than that, by knowing the tourist pattern ,government can locate more resources to the place. By doing the research, a statistic report will be written out, it will benefit to future researcher to conduct the same research. The research also will help the developer to develop the place after they review the statistic. 1.9 Scope of study The two major barriers are time and seasonal .Time is a barrier for my research although I have limited time to complete it because need to analyze the survey and finding reference sources. Tourism is a seasonal so the research will not accurate when the time goes by so time management very important. 1.10 Study area The study area chosen for my research is Batu Ferringhi and Penang hill. Batu Ferringhi also called as the foreigners rock is a strip of beaches on the northern coast of Penang .The only way to go up is the narrow mountain road, there are two entrance one is from Tanjung Bunga and another one is from Teluk Bahang . Batu Ferringhi also is one of the tourist attraction place in Malaysia, a lot of foreigner tourist like to stay at here, on top of the hill also got a lot of chain hotels group example Shangri la hotel group, holidays inn and Parkroyal hotel. Other than that, there also have a lot of transportation company, they always stand by to pick up the guest go to down town. Beside that there also have a lot of souvenir shop so that the tourist can buy souvenir to their friends and relatives. Everyday there also have night market, the most special trends in the night market is bargaining. Batu Ferringhi is high tourists flows area in Malaysia because of the environments and the people are hospitality .The high tourist flow also give positive and negative impact to the place such as pollution, traffic congestion, increase in price and etc. When peak season, Batu Ferringhi will over crowded and is a main issue for the local government. Another place chosen is Penang hill, Penang Hill is the oldest hill station in Malaysia. It comprises a hilly granite mass in the middle of Penang Island reaching an elevation of 833 meters (2723 ft) at Western Hill. Penang hill also is the only cool place in Penang and it is famous not only for foreigners but locals. There are three way going up to Penang hill, by the funicular train, by jeep and by hiking. Theoretical Framework Chapter 2 2.0 Literature Review Tourist flows are a form of spatial interaction between two areas, with the destination area containing a surplus of a commodity example tourist attraction and the generating area having a deficit or demand for that commodity (Tourism and hospitality Geography). Tourist flows do not occur randomly but follow certain rules and are influenced by a variety of push and pull factors. Push factors are mainly concerned with the stage of economic development in the generating are and will include such factors as levels of affluence, mobility and holidays entitlement .Often, too, an advanced stage of economic development will not only give the population the means to engage in tourism but the pressures of life will provide the push to do so .An unfavorable climate will also provide a strong impetus to travel. Pull factors include accessibility and the attractions and amenities of the destination area. The relative cost of the visit is also important, as is the effectiveness of marketing and promotion. From a geographical point of view tourism consists of three major components which are ; first , the places of origin of tourist ,or generating areas;second,the tourist destinations themselves ,or receiving area and finally the routes travelled between these two sets of locations, or transit routes   (Leiper 1995).These components are set within differing economic ,environmental and social contexts . This simple model is illustrated in figure 3. Tourist generating area represent the homes of tourist ,where journeys begin and end .the key issues to examine in tourist generating areas are the features that stimulate demand for the tourism and will include the geographical location of an area as well as its socioeconomic and demographic characteristic .These areas represent the main tourist markets in the world   and naturally enough ,the major marketing functions of the tourist industry are found here such as tour operation, travel retailing. Tourist receiving areas attract tourists to stay temporarily and will have features and attractions that may not be found in the generating area. The tourist industry try located in this areas will comprise the attractions, accommodation, retailing and service functions, entertainment and recreation facilities .In our view, tourist destination areas are the most important part of the tourism system, not only attracting the tourist and thus energizing the system but also where the impacts of tourism occur and therefore where the sustainable planning and management of tourism is so important. Transit route link these two types of areas and are a key elements in the system as their effectiveness and characteristic shape the volume and direction of tourist flows. Transit route also represent the transportation component of the tourist industry. There are three different routes from place of permanent residence to tourist route, refer to figure one, tourist can choose their route to the destination, access route mean direct access to the main destination as same as return routes .For recreation route, the tourist make use of the various tourist facilities along the way to the destination .Some of the tourist just use the recreation route for part of the journey, they dont have main goal or destination. There are three routes for the tourist to come to Penang, there are water, air and land transport but for Batu Ferringhi ,it just can go by land because no one is providing the air and land transport for the tourist. This notion is developed in Campbells (1967) model which portrays different patterns of movement away from an urban centre (Figure 5). Campbell distinguishes between various groups on the basic of the relative importance of the travel and stay components of their trip .for the recreationist the recreational activity itself is the main element while for the vacationist the journey as such constitutes the main activity of the trip, with a number of stopovers being made on a round trip away from the city .An intermediate group, the recreational vacationist ,is shown to make side trips from some regional base. According to figure 5, recreational travel is scattered radically from the city whereas vacation travel is essentially linear and highway oriented, with recretional vacational travel involving elements of both Campbells work. While the concepts of these different types of travel is useful for analyzing tourist flow patterns there are clearly semantic problems in restricting the ter m tourist or vacationist to someone whose primary interest is invariably in sightseeing and travelling. Source from: redrawn from Campbell (1967)    In Miossecs model ( Figure 6), the origin or core is surrounded by four major belts or zones and travel motives ,means and costs change as well ( Sector 1) .In the real world these theoretical   regular concentric zones are subject to modification by position deformation    (low cost of living, favorable climate, historic links) which extend the belts and the negative ones (essentially political) which compress them (sector 2amd 3).These positive and negative deformation are not independent .More over, in reality a series of core exists giving rise to concurrent spatial demand ( sector 4). Miossec also attempts to incorporate perception of  Ã‚   this space in his model, although the schematic representation of this is not particularly clear .In general .knowledge of destination   declines with distance but there may be certain points of reference or evocative names so that the individuals mental map of the tourist space has both concentric and sectoral constrains .Mioss ec also suggests that the quality of the image will depend on the socio-political linguistic environment of the point of departure and arrival. Source: After Thurot( 1980) Four broad tourist destination types are identified by Lubdgren in this way (figure 10): Centrally located metropolitan destination which have high volume of reciprocal traffic and function both as a generating area and a major destination. These include high order metropolitan centres well integrated into the international and transcontinental transport networks. Peripheral urban destination ,which have smaller populations, a less important central place function and which tend to have a net inflow of tourists Peripheral rural destinations, which are less nodal in character, depending upon a geographically more extensive environment which draws visitors through a combination of landscape characteristic. As the population of such areas is often small and dispersed, a strong net inflow usually results. Natural environment destinations which are usually located at long distances from the generating areas very sparsely populated and often subject to strict management policies. Chapter 3 3.0 Research methodology 3.1 Introduction In this chapter, procedures or method used to conduct research will be set up; there are two types of research methodologies, these two types of methodologies are quantitative and qualitative. During the research, quantitative will be used, quantitative research is to determine the relationship between one thing (an independent variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population. As for research design, descriptive research will be use in the research, it attempts to describe and explain conditions of the present by using many subjects and questionnaires to fully describe a phenomenon. 3.2 Data collection 3.2.1 Primary data The primary data are data which are being collected by the researcher for that specific purpose of answering the problem in the research. For this research, questionnaires will be distributed to get information or answer after compile will key in to SPSS (the statistic software). Statistic and graph will be draft. 3.2.2Secondary data The secondary data is being obtained by the literature study, books and the articles from the internet source. 3.3 Questionnaire method A questionnaire is defined as a form that people fill out used to obtain demographic and views and interests of those questioned (Brehob 2001).Questionnaires is use in this research to get more information and to get feed back from the people, questionnaire encompassed of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering data or information from potentially a large number of respondents. Below are the advantages of using questionnaire method: The responses are gathered in a standardized way, so questionnaires are more objective, certainly more so than interviews. Generally it is relatively quick to collect information using a questionnaire Potentially information can be collected from a large portion of a group. These are the few steps taken to design questionnaire for dissertation purpose (dspace.fsktm.um.edu.my): Objectives of the survey are defined Determined the sampling group Designed the questionnaire by creating the questions Administered the questionnaire Results interpretations 3.3.1 Questionnaire design A well designed questionnaire is important, language and using propel sentence to construct questionnaire must be taken well beside that arrangement of the question also need be in correct flows. The sentence or question using must be easy to understand and the words must be clear. The research questionnaire will be at appendix 1 and 2. 3.3.2 Questions In designing the questionnaire, the question that inside the survey questionnaire cant be too complicated and direct question needed to ease the correspondents. On questionnaire consist of 16 questions. The questionnaire of this research contains of part A, Part B, Part C and Part D. The questionnaire divides into sub topic because to let the correspondents more understand about the question and it look more systematic. The questionnaire will be at appendix 1 and 2. 3.3.3 Layout Layout is very important because first impression when the correspondents see the questionnaire is the formation of the question, the layout must be attractive enough to attract the correspondents. Other than that, the logical of sequence of the question also very important, same kind of question need to group together. (Refer to Appendix 1 and 2) 3.3.4 Questionnaire Distribution The survey questionnaire were distributed to respondents manually, mean that, a team of people will approach them. For Dissertation minimum of 150 correspondents needed to complete the survey. Those questionnaires will distribute in Batu Ferringhi and Penang hill but not all of the questionnaire distributed will returned with full of participation because some of them not really interested with the topic or maybe they have limited knowledge about the topic and there where no any reward or gift for them after they finish the questionnaire The objective of distributing questionnaire is to knowing the tourist flows in two Areas, there are Batu Ferringhi and Penang Hill beside that also can know what is the tourist opinion and suggestion. 3.3.5 Software Development Methodology After compiling all the result from the questionnaire, the result will key in into the SPSS (the statistic software) after that statistic and graph will be drawn out. In the Statistic and graph, it can determine that the number of tourist flow and which country tourist most often come to visit those places. 4.0 Conclusion This research is discussed about the tourist flows in Batu ferringhi and Penang hill.

Burst Transmissions Technology And Characteristics

Burst Transmissions Technology And Characteristics Strategy is the art of making use of time and space. I am less concerned about the latter than the former. Space we can recover, lost time never Napolean Benoparte BURST TRANSMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY 1. Having understood the surveillance network requirements, carried out an analysis of our present surveillance network and identified burst transmission as an alternative means to pass the information to surveillance centres, the aim of this part is to analyse the effectiveness of burst transmission technology for the networking of surveillance resources in desert terrain for offensive operations. BURST TRANSMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS 2. Electromagnetic waves, like all other waves are characterized by their frequency and intensity. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves of all possible frequencies. This spectrum extends from the VHF ranges to mill metric waves in military  [1]  . The electromagnetic waves do not follow the man made rules/ international boundaries. They can be easily intercepted and analysed to get intelligence about the enemy  [2]  . Today we are using VHF radio as the primary means of passing our surveillance information to our surveillance centres. 3. Working Of Burst Transmission. The term burst transmission involves compressing the data, high data signaling rate and transmitting in short bursts which are not easily detectable by the enemy. Burst transmission basically compresses the same data and sends it in bursts. This technology is very popular among the spies and military personals due to its advantages  [3]  . 4. A radio packet is a short transmission in burst form of data that occurs on a radio channel. The burst data may have different types of radio characteristics i.e the modulation type, error coding, preamble length and transmission guard time periods. It contains reference sequences in form of a preamble and possible a midamble, control information and payload of data. The combination of all the above mentioned characteristics is called the burst profile  [4]  . A burst set is a single burst transmission packet and it has the preamble along with one or more bursts of data. The bursts of information will contain packets having different modulation and coding. A burst frame contains the complete set of information for a burst transmission. The bursts within a burst set are sequenced according to their modulation complexity. With the bursts having lower complexity modulation beginning located at the beginning of the radio packet. Subsequent bursts can use modulation types with high er complexity (e.g. QPSK, QAM). This allows subscriber stations to receive and decode all the bursts up to the burst with the highest modulation type it can receive  [5]  . 5. To enable the receiving device to lock on, the radio bursts start with a sequence of bits i.e a preamble that the receiving device can recognize and lock onto. On locking onto the preamble, it knows the location of the rest of the packets. For longer radio bursts, midamble sequences may be inserted which helps the receivers in the decoding of bursts. A midamble is defined as a sequence of bits which the receiving device can recognize and lock onto to assist in decoding the bits surrounding it. Sending preambles and midambles frequently give the user an increased mobility. Data packets may be inserted within the payload of a single radio burst. They may be located at one place or divided or fragmented over several radio packet bursts or multiple small packets and packed into the burst payload. The figure below depicts an example of a radio packet which is made of a preamble and a set of bursts  [6]  . https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjxsswRwd3suvHisPNONE1SPBntQhlp8qOU-vxsl9d_GEHE8CMBZqvszRnifwEqLjqcLu7xWb58oTxxOjamWA1o9mWmWcrtJPoyh7bkQGGOEtDJIA0LFBtZ67n4OOIRKnR8ufle8DxNu2C/s400/1.jpg Figure Radio Packet Containing Preamble And Data 6. Characteristics Of Burst Transmission Technology. It is a relatively high bandwidth transmission over short period of time  [7]  . Very high data signaling rate with very short transmission time  [8]  . Data is stored for a given time are sent at 10 to more than 100 times the normal rates, recorded when received and then slowed down to normal rate for use by the receiver  [9]  . It has Low Probability of Intercept and Low Probability of Detection  [10]  . The actual transmission time is very less which make it difficult to detect. The download time might use 2Mbit/s on a average while having peaks bursting up to 2.4 Mbits/s  [11]  . Data transmission is interrupted at intervals  [12]  . Data is digitally encrypted  [13]  . 7. Limitation Of Burst Transmission Technology. The system is dependent on the radio interface for transmission of data. Line of sight is still a major consideration for VHF transmission. HF transmission is recommended to obviate the problem  [14]  . The error in data during transmission / reception can lead to error at the receiving end. 8. The burst transmission is a suitable means to transmit data over a long range in secure mode due to the following reasons:- The transmission takes place for a short period i.e only when data has to be passed, thus it has a Low Probability of Intercept and Low Probability of Detection. It is difficult for enemy Direction Finding systems to locate the radio as it transmits for a short duration that is only when required. MODELS IN USE 9. The burst transmission technology is one of the technologies being used in the armed forces of other countries for networking. The Harris RF- 3700, Falcon II AN/PRC 150 (c), GRA -71 all of USA, GRC -6400 400W HF Radio System, Tadiiran HF -6000 Radio System of Israel and HF 7000 of Germany are examples of use of burst transmission in military communication. Similar equipments using burst transmission have been designed and developed in India by Bharat Electronic Limited. 10. Harris RF 3700 Harris Universal Transmission Software (HUITS). It is a Microsoft-Windows 2000/XP compatible software being used by United States forces for fast and reliable transmission of high resolution digital imagery, motion video clips and other data difficult tactical communication channels. It has a data transfer rate of 64 kbps and uses burst transmission to transmit data. Data/ images are transferred using HF/VHF/ UHF/ landline media on a click of a button once acquired  [15]  . 11. Falcon II AN/PRC 150 (c). It is a software defined HF radio system being used by United States forces for tactical communication including data transfer. It uses burst transmission and has high speed modem for data transfer. It can be interfaced with US Tactical Internet without any additional boxes  [16]  . 12. GRC -6400 400W HF Radio System. It is a 400W HF radio system being used by Israel for tactical communication including data transfer. It uses burst transmission and has an adaptive high rate modem up to 4.8 Mbit/s for data transfer  [17]  . 13. Tadiiran HF 6000. It is a HF radio system being manufactured by Elbit Systems, Israel for tactical communication including data transfer. It can also use burst transmission for data transfer. It is available in fixed station, ship, vehicle, man pack and high power versions  [18]  . 14. HF 7000. It is a HF radio system being used in Germany for tactical communication including data transfer. It uses burst transmission for fast data transfer. It is available in fixed, semi mobile base, vehicle and man pack versions  [19]  . EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE FROM BHARAT ELECTRONIC LIMITED 15. There are similar equipments being made in India by Bharat Electronic Limited. However they have not been exploited for surveillance network till today. The equipments available from Bharat Electronic Limited are discussed in succeeding paras. 16. Spurt Message Alphanumeric Radio Terminal (SMART). It is a message processing and transmission equipment based on a microprocessor for field use. It provides reliable burst transmission capability and reduces radio channel occupancy time with in reduction in probability of interference and jamming. It has a facility to prepare messages off air with the alphanumeric keyboard and display unit of the equipment. It supports both free and formatted text messages and has built-in encryption for text message. Voice Links on HF Radio can be done using the built-in modem. It can operate in poor channel conditions. A hard copy of messages can be taken by connecting a printer to a serial port ASCII printer. The terminal can also be optimized for a particular application. Interface with PC is also available as an optional S/W module to handle messages having relatively longer length, thus giving an user friendly edit capability. It is being used by the Mobile Observation flights of Indian Ai r Force  [20]  . 17. Hand Held Radio Terminal (HART). It is a small size, light weight and low power consuming terminal used for preparation and transmission of alphanumeric messages digitally. Its ideal for field use. The terminal reduces the chances of interference and jamming by providing reliable burst transmission capability and reduce radio channel occupancy time. Messages are prepared off-air with the alphanumeric keyboard. Messages reception is automatic  [21]  . 18. HF Trans receiver. It is an advanced lightweight 20W HF portable radio set. It meets all the requirements of short-range communication to operate in crowded HF band. It provides voice, data, telegraphy and flash (burst) message communication. Communication reliability is improved by means of automatic link establishment, which enable real-time selection of optimum channel frequency  [22]  . 19. Stand Alone Communication Unit (SACU). It is a high speed, secure data communication equipment using burst communication technique with built in encryption method and modems contained in a rugged compact unit. It has the facility for communication over three independent channels simultaneously. The advantage provides are short on-air time and high network capacity. It has capability to edit, address, transmit, receive, acknowledge, store and print the messages  [23]  . 20. Burst Error Control System for Teleprinter (BEST Mk II). It is a microprocessor based forward error control equipment for reliable burst transmission of alphanumeric messages. It can be easily connected with conventional teleprinters and personal computers to prepare messages off-air from the terminal and transmit synchronously in a burst mode. It has additional features like automatic reception, message numbering, date and time, multiple copy print out, auto print mode, auto repeat facility, etc  [24]  . 21. There are a number of VHF radio sets using burst transmission for data communication; however they are not being discussed further since VHF radio has limited bandwidth and limited range being a line of sight communications. It is thus unsuitable for offensive operation in deserts  [25]  . 22. Deductions. The burst transmission is being used by tactical radio manufactures in USA, Germany, Israel and many other countries due to its advantages like high data transfer, digital encryption, low probability of Intercept and detection. Software Defined Radio and software like Harris RF-3700 Harris Universal Transmission Software not only enable the easy transfer of images/ data but also give the facility to connect to tactical internet network without any additional connections. Thus real time fast and reliable transmission of high resolution digital imagery, motion video clips and other data which is difficult over VHF radio based tactical communication networks can be achieved through burst transmission. The United States is using this technology in their Joint Tactical System Program  [26]  .

Braces: A Pain In The Ass :: essays research papers

Braces: A Pain In The Ass One out of three children or teenagers will have to live through their "rites of passage years" as a prisoner of their own orthodonist. Puberty is burdened enough by zit and acne battles, awkward growth spurts, and raging evil hormones. Braces add additional torture to this already hellish time to both parent and child. A life with braces is far more humilating, painful, and expensive than living with buck teeth, gaps, or a snarled tooth. Mental scars remain long after cuts and bloody sores in the mouth have healed. These platinum-colored shackles come with a factory full of degrading insults and nicknames. All through school one can expect to be called brace-face, tractor teeth, and metal mouth. The orthadontically challenged are always the butt of electricity and lip-locking jokes. The orthodontist's office is also a source of embarrassment. Most offices are open-air, filled with other patients. This means an audience as the nurse stretches and pulls patient's mouths in Jim Carrey-like expressions. If one should forget to brush their teeth before their visit, they will regrettably become immortal as the doctor announces the left- over remains of Taco Bell in-between molars.Braces become a constant source of embarrassment. Braces are three years of physical torture beginning with the very first office visit. The application of the brackets itself is long, tedious, and uncomfortable. First, cold, polydent flavored clay is thrust into the crevices of the mouth, forcing imprints. Jagged metal squares are glued to the enamel, forcing hot, burning, glue to drip down the pink of the gums. Braces also cause everyday aches and pains in the mouth. Metal spokes, guiding teeth to a new shape, stab the inside of the mouth causing cuts, sores,and tearing each time a person's mouth opens. Rubber bands placed on top of brackets pull and stretch teeth until gums are tender and sore. Being born with unperfect teeth can be painful! Braces hurt parents' wallets well after the metal is scraped and chiseled off. Payments while braces are being worn are very overwhelming. The average cost of braces today is around 3,000 dollars, more for specialty kinds. Patients must also pay for damages they ininflic ii inflict upon their orthodontic work. There are also other expenses after the metal inflict upon their orthodontic work. Molar bands that are pryed off can cost as much as

The Maudsley Model of Family-Based Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa Essay

The Maudsley model of family-based treatment for anorexia nervosa The Maudsley model of family-based treatment for anorexia nervosa was first developed in London in the mid-1980s. In this model, parents are given the a primary role in treatment, working together as a team in the home setting to reefed their child and confront anorexic behavior. Parents are also encouraged to separate anorexia from the child while performing this task, blaming the anorexia rather than the child and therefore minimizing the escalation of expressed emotion (Rhodes, Gosbee, Madden, & Brown, 2005). Treatment also includes a family meal where family members are coached to take on their specific roles. Siblings are incorporated in treatment to ease the patient’s distress resulting from this parental challenge to anorexia. They provide emotional support to their sister or brother. The siblings are not involved in the decisions about food or in monitoring eating, which is up to the parents. Instead, siblings can be someone to complain to, a shoulder to cry on, or someone to distract them from the difficult task of eating. Siblings can be an incredible resource for helping an adolescent in their recovery. Once safe eating and weight are achieved through parental intervention, responsibility for these issues was gradually handed back to the adolescent. A shorter and final phase of treatment is then completed to help the family resume normal adolescent development after the delays caused by the anorexia. The efficacy of this approach has been established in a number of controlled trials (Rhodes et al., 2005). Despite the demonstrated efficacy and excellent outcomes of the Maudsley model of family-based treatment for anorexia, another tre... ...ther parents is a logical step to overcome issues isolation and creates a sense of solidarity. Peer support and criticism are powerful dynamics that can promote change, and being in the presence of other families has the effect of making the adolescent and their parents feel less central. They are a part of a large group, and the feeling of being constantly watched and observed by a professional is less intense. With the integration of the Maudsley method and multiple family therapy, family tension and dispute can be reduced, and a cooperative and supportive atmosphere and working environment can be created for adolescents and their families (Rhodes et al., 2005). Working alongside each other allows parents and teens to compare notes and learn from each other. Families are consultants to other families, and they are there to help one another.

Russian Bureaucracy Essay -- Russian Government, Politics

The growth of the Russian bureaucracy from the Imperial to Soviet era is overwhelming. According to Alekinskii, in 1897, 435,000 civilians worked for the public bureaucratic sector. This means for every 292 members of the populous there would be one public servant plied for representation (Alekinskii, 178). By 1897, the bureaucracy in Russia was no older than sixty years. Prior to the 1830s state bureaucrats did not truly exist; shortly thereafter, seniority dictated which workers would progress upwards in the public institutions in which he or she worked (John Le Dunne). This could be interpreted as the first sign of the development of bureaucracy in Imperial Russia. Russian bureaucracy, at least in the Soviet and Imperial sense, does not mimic the traditionally accepted Weberian notion of bureaucracy and bureaucratic development. Some scholars feel Russia could be portrayed as the true birthplace of a pure bureaucratic system. In other countries, such as the United States or Norwa y, the bureaucracy gained power slowly in an already stable political and social environment. This is not the case in Russia. According to Hollander, a major difference in the Imperial and Soviet bureaucracies from prescribed Western norms surrounds politicization (Hollander, 305). The bureaucracy developed through class oppression and political upheaval over centuries. It can be said that a truly stable political and social environment in Russia is only about twenty years old; in spite of this, the Russian bureaucracy existed and thrived for centuries prior to the social awakening. How did Russia often express itself during times of censorship and control? Literature. Despite being written during the times of Tsars and Imperialists, works like Nik... ...overeignty.† The American Journal of International Law. Vol. 43: No. 1 (January, 1949). 21-36. Hollander, Paul. â€Å"Observations on Bureaucracy, Totalitarianism, and the Comparative Study of Communism.† Slavic Review. Vol. 26: No. 2 (June, 1967). 302-307. Lincoln, W. Bruce. The Great Reforms: Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Change in Imperial Russia. (DeKalb: N. Illinois University Press, 1990). Pinter, Walter M., â€Å"The Social Characteristics of the Early 19th Century Russian Bureaucracy.† Slavic Review. Vol. 29: No. 3 (September, 1970). Pipes, Richard. Ryavec, Karl W. Russian Bureaucracy: Power and Pathology. (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2003). Ulam, Adam B. The Russian Political System. (New York: Random House Inc., 1975). Wade, Rex A. The Russian Revolution, 1917. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

Impact of Right to Work in India

Economic Environment Management PROJECT Impact of the â€Å"Right to work programme† in India SUBMITTED BY – Yash Jhaveri IIM Kozhikode Batch: EPGP04: Date of Submission: 27th January 2013 Contents INTRODUCTION : Right to Work In INDIA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 What is NREGA / MGNREGA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. WHAT ARE THE GENERAL BENEFITS RTW / MGNREGA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 HOW IS THE PROGRAM FINANCED? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Financing pattern †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Release of funds †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Comparison : RTW/MGNREGA Vs other government based employment schemes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Impact of RIGHT TO WORK / MGNREGA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Increase in GDP †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Effect on Inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 REFERENCES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 2 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT – KOZHIKODE INTRODUCTION : Right to Work In INDIA Every human being have rights to fundamental aspects like right to food, life and education. India is a country where approximately thirty percent of the population is below the poverty line.In order to provide millions of humans with rights to life, right to education and right to food that only have access to economic assets like labor power, providing them employment is very important. Unemployment i s one of the major concern and reason for spreading poverty in India. The right to work according to Article 39 of the Indian Constitution urges the State to ensure that â€Å"the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means to livelihood†, and that â€Å"there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.RIGHT TO WORK Program is implemented in India under Mahatma Gandhi national rural employment guarantee act – MGNREGA. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA) was notified in 2005, 7TH Septmeber. What is NREGA / MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was earlier knows as NRGEA. Main aim of this program is to enhance the livelihood andsecurity of people residing in rural areas. This act guarantees a minimum 100 days of wage-employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.Important original provisions of the MGNREGA are a s outlined below: i. Every household in the rural India shall have a right to a minimum of 100 days of guaranteed employment every year for minimum one adult (above 18 years of age) member, for doing UNSKILLED manual labour, compensation for which is fixed at Rs 120 (one hUndred twenty only) on daily basis. ii. Only productive work shall be undertaken under this program. A list of permissible and preferred works has to be prepared by a state council who shall implement the program.Such preferred works are identified basis the benefits of socio-economical work, the contribution made by such socio-economical work to social equity, and the ability of such work to create assets on permanent basis iii. For successful implementation and for labourers benefit the up-gradation of kills are required of unskilled workers. The program may provide such training and expenses towards these trainings iv. Taking into the consideration the guide lines of states council, Wages to such labourers to be paid in cash or in kind or both. v.To make it easy for the applicant, the program states that employment shall be provided within a radius of 5 kilometres of the village where the applicant resides at the time of applying. In cases where employment is provided beyond such limit of 5 kilometres , transport allowances and daily living allowances shall be paid in accordance with Programme Rules; vi. Given the scenario where at least twenty women are employed at a site, a provision shall be made for one of them to be deputed to look after all / any children under the age of six who may be brought to the worksite if they accompany their parents.The person deputed for such task of minding the children shall be paid the statutory minimum wage; vii. A small portion of the wages not exceeding 5% may be deducted as a contribution to welfare schemes organized for the benefit of labourers employed under the Programme. These welfare schemes are insurance: health and accident, survivor benefits, maternity benefits and social security schemes. 3 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT – KOZHIKODE WHAT ARE THE GENERAL BENEFITS RTW / MGNREGA: i. ii. The program provides social protection by providing employment opportunities to the people living in rural India.The program promises livelihood security for the underprivileged and poor through creation of durable assets, improved water conditions and security, soil conversion and as a result of soil conversion higher land productivity The program provides services like drought-proofing and flood management in rural India Through the processes of a rights-based legislation, this program empowers the socially disadvantaged, specifically women, Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes The program ensures strengthening decentralized and participatory planning through convergence of various initiatives like anti-poverty and livelihood The program works on grass root levels by deepening democracy by strengthening Panchayati Raj Institution s MGNREGA is a powerful tool which implements transparency and accountability in governance thereby ensuring inclusive growth in rural India.This is because of its impact on social protection, security of livelihood and democratic empowerment. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. HOW IS THE PROGRAM FINANCED? Financing pattern The center will bear the appended costs. 1. For unskilled manual workers: 100% cost of wages 2. For semi skilled and skilled workers :75% cost of wages and material 3. All administrative expense as determined and as per guidelines of central government which essentially includes salary and allowances of program officers and their support staff and work site facilities 4. Administrative expenses of CEGC The state will bear the appended costs 1. For semi skilled and skilled workers:25% cost of wages and material 2.If in case the state government cannot provide wage employment within 15 days of application, the state government to pay unemployment allowance to the applicant. 3. A dministrative expenses of SEGC Release of funds: 1. Unlike in other state run programs where the funds are pre allocated, in this programme , the release of funds is wholly dependent upon the proposals given by the state 2. The ministry of rural development will decide on the sanction of funds once it receives state’s formulated annual work plan and budget proposal. (AWBP) 3. The annual work plan and budget proposal is based on the demands of funds received from the state’s districts and panchayats of districts 4.AWBP also reports the use the of previous funds received by the state and also on key performance indicators determine under the scheme enabling an assessment of proposals received by state government. The said assessment is of qualitative nature. This enables the ministry to decide on the finalizing the amount for the state for the given financial year. The actual disbursement of funds to the state also depends upon the utilization of funds previously allocat ed for the same state. 4 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT – KOZHIKODE 5. The district programme coordinator or the state applies to the ministry of rural development , once the 60% of funds released earlier are utilized, for next round of funding under CEGF 6. On receipt to disbursement of funds by the center, the state government will release the funds to the program within 15 days.Comparison : RTW/MGNREGA Vs other government based employment schemes There are a few valid reasons why a right to work- guarantee of employment works better as compared to fly by night program introduced by center and state: †¢ guarantee of employment increases the purchasing capacity of those who are demanding work †¢ This program ensures the inclusion of the poorest of the poor in employment schemes. †¢ The Program brings a sense of security in the laborers lives. Employment guarantee programme boosts the confidence of laborers with respect to high local employment prospect and hen ce discourage season based migration, most laborers resort to in difficult times. Right to work is A legally binding employment guarantee program is far more durable and reliable than fly by night schemes and programs run by state government which have proven on more than one occasions to be extremely short-lived. Impact of RIGHT TO WORK / MGNREGA Increase in GDP Planned expenditure of government is increasing as government is spending (budgeted 33,000 crore for 2012-13) on welfare or construction projects to give work to the unemployed people. A substantial part of this spending goes as the wages to the direct labour. As marginal propensity to consume (MPC) of this labourers is very close to 1, the effect of this government expenditure to the increase of GDP will be very high , which in turn leads to high growth in GDP. As per Keynesian model , increase in the government expenditure will make the GDP grow which in turn amounts for higher output.MGNREGA as Accelerator High proportio n of agricultural population actually owns land. After spending on normal consumption for livelihood, the amount saved is mostly spent on their own farms. So the production from their land also increases leading to further increase in GDP. Change in Interest Rates As we have already discussed, because of the MGNREGA, GDP is supposed to increase, interest rate is higher than earlier. Because of the increase in government spending, consumption also increases, i. e. , demand in the goods market increases leading to a rightward shift of the demand curve. With an increase in output, interest rate also increases.As interest rate increase, investors will be less willing to borrow money from banks. As a result, capital Investment will come down. Decreasing investment will have a negative effect on GDP which will eventually come down. So the net effect on GDP by government sPending for MGNREGA employment will be little less. 5 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT – KOZHIKODE Effect on Infla tion Because of the MGNREGA, (i) unemployment is reducing and (ii) people who had a no / nominal income previously are now having nominal /higher income. The overall effect would be reduction of unemployment in the economy. MGNREGA leads to inflation but only in the short run.The higher wage rates in MGNREGA increases the wages of the workers who are working under MGNREGA thereby increasing their marginal propensity to consume. This leads to increase in the demand of food items. In the short run this leads to increase in the prices of the commodities mainly the food items and thus leading to increase in inflation. Also the workers employed under MGNREGA are unavailable for agricultural work during the harvest season, this leads to shortage of farm workers. As a result labourers need to be hired by offering higher wages than that offered under NREGA. As the cost of labour is increased, the effect of this can be observed in the form of increase in the prices of the farm output and thu s shifting the Aggregate supply AS curve to the left.The above mentioned phenomenon can be observed only in the short run because in the long run the infrastructure activities carried out under MGNREGA like construction of wells and dams for irrigation purpose, leveling of roads and water conservation and harvesting will increase the farm output produced thereby leading to increase in the supply of food items thus shifting the AS curve back to the right and thus reducing inflation. Implications Since its inception, the Act has generated 1112. 03 crore person-days. Almost 70% of the MG NREGA labour. The average wage earned has risen from ? 65 per person day in 2006 to ? 100 in 2011. Inclusive Growth – The share of SC/ST families in the work provided under MGNREGA over the previous five years has ranged between 51-61%. Women workforce participation under the Scheme has surpassed the statutory minimum requirement of 33 per cent. Over the previous five years it has ranged between 40-48%. In 2011, there were allegations that the programme was no more effective than other poverty alleviation plans in India.Rumors and reports had a buzz of corruption, controversy and scam written all over MGNREGA. Corrupt officials puncturing the budgets that are allocated, government expenditure routed from the funds for deficit financing, poor quality of infrastructure built under this program, were some of the issues that were being pointed at and questioned. 6 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT – KOZHIKODE Recommendations The MGNREGA scheme has been designed as a supply-based model, where the number of works undertaken is dependent on the amount of labourers that register with the scheme. This caters to the primary objective of generating wage employment in India.Although to ensure quality-driven growth, the model has to incorporate a demand-based side, where the labourers are given work according to the value-addition required. The clause about providing an employment within five kilometers of the residence of a labourer needs tweaking. 7 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT – KOZHIKODE REFERENCES * NREGA Report to the people – 2nd Feb ‘12 (http://nrega. nic. in/circular/Report%20to%20the%20people_english%20web. pdf) * NREGA Website (http://nrega. nic. in/netnrega/home. aspx) * ‘The Macroeconomics of NREGA’ – Live Mint article (http://www. livemint. com/Opinion/nKoASa6hFXSX3w8Wd0EeWI/Views–The-macroeconomicsof-Nrega. html) * Macroeconomics – N. Gregory Mankiw * ‘The Modern Minimum-Wage Controversy and Its Antecedents’ – A paper by Thomas C. Leonard